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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Measures to prevent the occurrence and development of emergency situations. Fundamentals of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Emergency Prevention both in terms of their prevention (reducing the likelihood of occurrence), and in terms of reducing losses and damage from them (mitigating the consequences), following directions:
Under monitoring refers to a system of constant monitoring of phenomena and processes occurring in nature and the technosphere in order to anticipate growing threats to humans and their environment. The main goal of monitoring is to provide data for an accurate and reliable forecast of emergency situations based on the combination of intellectual, informational and technological capabilities of various departments and organizations involved in monitoring certain types of hazards. Monitoring information serves as the basis for forecasting, as a result of which hypothetical data are obtained about the future state of an object, phenomenon, or process. Forecasting an emergency - this is a forward guess about the probability of occurrence and development of an emergency based on an analysis of the causes of its occurrence and its source in the past and present. The main thing in this process is information about the object of forecasting, revealing its behavior in the past and present, as well as the patterns of this behavior. At the heart of all methods, methods and techniques of forecasting are heuristic and mathematical approaches. The essence of the heuristic approach is to study and use the opinions of expert experts. This approach is used to predict processes that cannot be formalized. The mathematical approach consists in using data on some characteristics of the predicted object after processing them by mathematical methods to obtain a dependence that connects these characteristics with time, and using the found dependence of the characteristics of the object at a given point in time to calculate. This approach involves the active use of modeling or extrapolation. Forecasting in most cases is the basis for the prevention of natural and man-made emergencies. In the mode of daily activities, the possibility of such situations is predicted: their place, time and intensity, possible scale and other characteristics. In the event of an emergency situation, the possible development of the situation, the effectiveness of certain measures to eliminate the situation, the necessary composition of forces and means are predicted. The most important is the forecast of the probability of an emergency. Its results can be most effectively used to prevent many accidents and catastrophes, as well as some natural disasters. Rational distribution of productive forces and settlements on the territory of the country is an effective set of measures that ensure the prevention of a significant part of emergency situations (reducing the likelihood of their occurrence) and the reduction, within certain limits, of possible losses and damage from them (mitigation of their consequences). This placement is a measure for the distribution and redistribution across the country of economic facilities and economic infrastructure, as well as settlements in accordance with the criteria for their protection from natural and man-made emergencies. An important part of these activities is the rational placement of potentially hazardous facilities and waste disposal sites. Objects of the economy are placed in such a way that they do not fall into zones in which possible natural and man-made impacts on them exceed the permissible normative ones. Economic objects should be located at such a distance from residential areas and from each other that ensures their safety. Explosive and fire hazardous objects and their elements are placed taking into account the protective properties and other terrain features. Potentially hazardous elements of radiation-hazardous facilities are placed at such a distance that ensures the isolation of the reactor blocks of nuclear power plants from each other. Chemically hazardous facilities are erected at a safe distance from rivers, reservoirs, the sea coast, underground aquifers and placed on the leeward side of settlements and residential areas. Biologically hazardous objects and their elements are located taking into account the wind rose in the area. Sanitary protection zones and observation zones are created around radiation, chemically and biologically hazardous objects. In sanitary protection zones, it is not allowed to place residential buildings, preschool institutions, educational institutions and some other objects. Hydraulic structures are erected in such a way that the minimum number of social and economic facilities fall into the zones of possible catastrophic flooding. Placement of settlements and objects of important economic importance in these zones is not allowed. It is almost impossible to prevent most natural disasters. However, there are a number of dangerous natural phenomena and processes, the negative development of which can be prevented. This can be done by carrying out measures to prevent hail, early release of avalanches and dumping of mudflow lakes formed as a result of blockages in mountain rivers. Measures to prevent such situations may also include localization or suppression of natural foci of infections, vaccination of the population and farm animals. In the technogenic sphere, work to prevent accidents is carried out in accordance with their types at specific facilities. As measures that reduce the risk of possible emergencies, the most effective are the improvement of technological processes; improving the quality of process equipment and its operational reliability; timely renewal of fixed assets; use of technically competent design and technological documentation, high-quality raw materials, materials and components; the availability of qualified personnel, the creation and application of advanced systems of technological control and technical diagnostics, trouble-free shutdown of production, localization and suppression of emergency situations, and much more. One of the ways to effectively reduce the scale of emergencies is construction and use of protective structures for various purposes. These include hydraulic protective structures that protect watercourses and reservoirs from the spread of radioactive contamination, as well as structures that protect the land and hydrosphere from some other surface contamination. Dams, sluices, embankments, dikes and bank protection are used to protect against floods. An important role in reducing environmental damage is assigned to municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants. To reduce the negative impact of landslides, mudflows, landslides, screes and avalanches in mountainous areas, protective engineering structures are used on communications and in settlements. Protective forest plantations are used to mitigate erosive processes. Civil defense structures are used to protect the personnel of economic facilities and the population from wartime dangers, as well as from natural and man-made emergencies. One of the ways to reduce the scale of emergency situations is to take measures to increase the physical stability of objects during natural disasters, accidents, natural and man-made disasters. These measures, first of all, include earthquake-resistant construction in seismically hazardous areas and seismic strengthening in these territories of buildings and structures previously built without seismicity, as well as increasing the physical stability of critical facilities, protecting unique equipment, cultural, historical, state values, reserves the most important resources. Effectively contributes to the reduction of the scale of emergency situations (especially in terms of losses) the creation and use of warning systems for the population, personnel and government bodies, primarily centralized warning systems at the federal, regional, territorial, local and facility levels. Thanks to this system, it is possible to notify the majority of the population of the country or certain territories about the danger as soon as possible. Timely notification allows you to take measures to protect the population and thereby reduce losses. Local warning systems operate at potentially hazardous facilities, managed by the facility's on-duty personnel or specialists from the city's centralized warning system. The task of the local warning system is to timely alert people living near a potentially dangerous object about the danger. In case the staff on duty fails to activate the warning system in a timely manner, local or combined automated systems for detecting hazardous natural and man-made factors and warning about them are created. Such automated systems for monitoring the radiation situation are already being used at some domestic nuclear power plants. One of the most important measures to prevent the occurrence and development of emergencies, primarily of a man-made nature, is the training of production personnel and the improvement of technological and labor discipline. The situation that has developed in recent years in the field of operation of industrial production, especially potentially hazardous ones, is characterized by a high level of accidents and injuries. Fires, explosions, releases of toxic products and other industrial emergencies often cause emergencies. Despite significant efforts in the development of technical safety and protection systems, accident rates in our country have increased significantly in recent years. In most cases, this is due to low staff training and non-compliance with technological and labor discipline. Due to the "human factor", more than half of all man-made accidents and disasters occur at economic, industrial and agricultural facilities, land, air and water transport. In accordance with the current legislation, the employee is responsible for his production activities within the limits of his own (attestation or licensed) training, as well as awareness of the dangers in the performance of his functions at the workplace. Therefore, the importance of continuous and additional training and informing employees is increasing. The Labor Code of the Russian Federation, which was adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation in December 2001, provides for the obligations and rights of both employers and employees in terms of vocational training and retraining, as well as compliance with labor and technological discipline and labor protection requirements. Much attention is paid to these issues in other legislative and regulatory acts, especially those regulating activities in hazardous areas. Thus, Article 10 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities" refers to the obligation of an organization operating such a facility "to train employees on how to act in the event of an accident or incident at a hazardous production facility." Employee training includes:
Emergency response training of personnel provides for the following activities:
In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of the Population and Territories from Natural and Technogenic Emergencies", as well as Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 4, 2003 No. 547, it is mandatory to train all employees of enterprises, institutions and organizations in the rules of conduct, methods of protection and action in emergency situations. Classes with them are held at the place of work in accordance with programs developed taking into account the characteristics of production. Employees also take part in special exercises and drills. For managers of all levels, in addition, mandatory advanced training in the field of civil defense and protection against emergency situations is provided upon appointment, and subsequently at least once every five years. Measures that reduce the scale of emergencies should also include maintaining readiness of shelters and shelters, sanitary-epidemiological and veterinary-anti-epizootic measures, evacuation of the population from unfavorable or potentially dangerous zones, training the population, keeping the authorities and forces in readiness, and much more. other, as well as declaring the industrial safety of the facility. The declaration of industrial safety is developed at each industrial facility, the activity of which is associated with increased danger. It provides control over compliance with security measures and allows assessing the sufficiency and effectiveness of measures to prevent and eliminate emergency situations. Activities related to the design of potentially hazardous industrial and transport facilities, their construction (reconstruction), commissioning and decommissioning, work in a specific territory, are carried out only on the basis of a license issued by a federal or territorial executive body specially authorized in the field of industrial safety. A license is an official state permissive document certifying the right of its owner to carry out a certain type (types) of activity in a given territory for a specified period, subject to predetermined requirements and conditions. To implement measures to ensure the natural and technogenic safety of objects for various purposes, even at the stage of their design, state expertise is carried out in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergency situations. The following are subject to state expertise in this area:
State examination of the specified objects is carried out regardless of the sources of funding, organizational and legal forms and ownership of the object at all stages (stages) of documentation development. An important element of the overall activity for the prevention of natural and man-made emergencies is state supervision and control in the field of protection of the population and territories from emergency situations. Its purpose is to check the completeness of the implementation of measures to prevent emergency situations and the readiness of the relevant officials, forces and means to act in case of their occurrence. State supervision and control is carried out by federal executive authorities and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Based on the results of supervisory and control activities in the field of protection of the population and territories, recommendations are developed aimed at reducing the risk and reducing the scale of emergency situations, as well as binding decisions on investigating the causes of emergency situations. An effective tool for partial compensation of damages from natural and man-made emergencies is insurance of natural and technogenic risks. It protects the property and other interests of citizens and legal entities in the event of occurrence of events (insured events) determined by the insurance contract or current legislation. A huge potential in reducing the risks of emergencies lies in the use of an integrated system for prompt information and warning of the population, which includes federal, regional and local information centers, connected to various display terminals. Such devices in places of mass stay of people are external and internal electronic scoreboards with video cameras (to provide feedback and preventive surveillance). Elsewhere, mobile phones, laptops with wireless Internet access, and home radios and televisions may serve as endpoints. Information about possible emergency situations, the nature of their damaging factors, the rules of safe behavior, and warning signals can be displayed on these devices. The presence of feedback allows in this case to carry out an interactive learning process, as well as preventive observation and monitoring of crowded places. Information on predicted and emerging emergencies, their consequences, on the state of radiation, chemical, biomedical, explosive, fire and environmental safety in the respective territories must be truthful and timely. Concealment, untimely submission, or submission of deliberately false information is unacceptable and entails liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. At present, the fight against terrorism is of particular importance. In this regard, a complex is being developed and implemented next events:
As preventive measures at facilities, it is advisable to use the following:
All the above measures to prevent the occurrence and development of emergencies are of a general nature. At each individual object of the economy, taking into account its specifics, specialists develop and implement specific measures. Authors: Smirnov A.T., Shakhramanyan M.A., Durnev R.A., Kryuchek N.A.
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