Radiation hazardous objects. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Radiation hazardous objects. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Radiation hazardous called objects of the national economy that use sources of ionizing radiation in their activities.

In addition to nuclear power plants, which create the danger of an accident, there are many potential sources of radioactive contamination: they are directly related to the extraction of uranium, its enrichment, processing, transportation, storage and disposal of waste. Numerous branches of science and industry that use isotopes are dangerous: isotope diagnostics, x-ray examination of patients, x-ray evaluation of the quality of technical products. Some building materials are sometimes radioactive.

Since 1999, the exposure limits for people in the Russian Federation have been regulated by Sanitary Rules SP 2.6.1.758-99 "Ionizing Radiation, Radiation Safety, Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-99)".

All dose limits and acceptable levels installed for:

1) personnel (persons working with man-made sources (group A) or who, due to working conditions, are in the area of their influence (group B));

2) the population, including persons from the staff, outside the scope of the conditions of their production activities.

For these categories of exposed persons, three classes of standards are provided, including basic, permissible and control dose levels, established by the administration of the institution in agreement with the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision at a level below the permissible level.

Radiation accidents according to the scale are divided into three types:

1) local accident - an accident in which the radiation consequences are limited to one building;

2) local accident - radiation consequences are limited to the buildings and territory of the NPP;

3) general average - radiation consequences extend beyond the territory of the NPP.

The main damaging factors radiation accidents:

1) exposure to external radiation (gamma and x-ray radiation; beta and gamma radiation; gamma-neutron radiation, etc.);

2) internal exposure from radionuclides that have entered the human body (alpha and beta radiation);

3) radiation exposure due to both external radiation sources and internal exposure;

4) the combined effect of both radiation and non-radiation factors (mechanical injury, thermal injury, chemical burn, intoxication, etc.).

After an accident on a radioactive trail, the main source of radiation hazard is external exposure. The inhalation intake of radionuclides into the body is practically excluded with the correct and timely use of respiratory protective equipment.

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Spray that turns off the action of genes 22.01.2017

Don't like the color of roses in the garden? Do you want to speed up the ripening of vegetables on the field? Spray them with a spray that just turns off certain genes and you get the results you want. At least, scientists are currently working on such means.

Farmers can use these gene-switching sprays to boost growth, boost plant nutrition, and protect plants from drought or insects with viruses. This technique makes it possible to change the traits of plants without changing their DNA.

"The spray can be used right away, you don't have to wait years for the DNA to be modified or a new strain to be bred," says David Balcomb of Cambridge, who is studying gene suppression technology in plants. At the same time, one spray can be used on a wide variety of species and varieties.

Scientists from the University of Queensland in Australia have managed to achieve a long-term effect of turning off genes inside plant cells. They protected tobacco plants from the virus for 20 days with just one application of the gene-switching spray. This technique allows you to change various traits in plants, but scientists have not yet carried out such experiments, focusing on crop protection technology.

Turning off genes uses the natural defense system. When viruses invade cells, the cells cut out some of the RNA from the viruses to produce small double-stranded RNA samples that are used to recognize and kill any RNA that matches the sample. Without viral RNA, there are no viral proteins, which means that viruses cannot reproduce.

RNA interference can be used to block any protein. Attempts to create drugs based on this technology for humans have not yet been successful, since RNA quickly degrades when injected into the bloodstream. And it works in plants. The spray works like this: positively charged clay nanoparticles made from magnesium chloride, for example, bind to and protect negatively charged RNA. Over time, the particles interact with carbon dioxide and break down, slowly releasing RNA.

Plant viruses are a problem in agriculture around the world, and no current funds are directed directly at them. Farmers can either grow virus-resistant varieties, if such exist, or kill vector organisms like aphids. So if the anti-virus spray performs well in the field, then it can be in high demand.

Sprays that turn off genes will be safer than ordinary pesticides. RNA cannot penetrate human skin and is rapidly degraded in the body.

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