Breeding a fire. Types of fires. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Breeding a fire. Types of fires. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Fire needed for warming, drying clothes, signaling, cooking. The chances of survival increase or decrease depending on whether or not you can light a fire when required.

If there are matches, then the fire can be made in any weather. Therefore, you need to take care of the supply of matches in advance. To keep matches from getting wet, they should be stored in a plastic bag. You can dip each match in melted wax or paraffin and, when they dry, put them in a jar of film.

Place for fire. When choosing it, be guided by the following requirements for safety:

the fire should be located at some distance from the tent on the leeward side, otherwise the sparks can burn through the tent and personal belongings;
you can’t make a fire in the thicket of a coniferous forest, in dense shrubs, in clearings with dry grass - in such cases there is a great danger of a fire;
in order not to damage the crown and roots of trees, you need to make a fire 5 m or more from them.

If the fire has to be built on wet soil or on snow, a layer of logs or stones must first be laid.

In case of strong winds, protect the fire with a shield, reflector or makeshift wall. These measures also contribute to the fact that the heat goes in the right direction.

When it rains, you need to stretch a plastic film over the fire or create some other "roof" (for example, from branches).

Firewood. It is best to put birch, pine, spruce, cedar firewood into the fire - they give a lot of heat. In the process of burning spruce, fir, larch, a lot of sparks are formed - they burn clothes and shoes that are dried. Alder, aspen contain a lot of water; they give off more smoke than fire. It should be remembered that coniferous deadwood, unlike deciduous, is to some extent protected from getting wet with resin. It is preferable to find a dead tree. In rainy weather, dry wood can be obtained from the inside of a dead or fallen tree trunk. In areas where there is no forest, it is necessary to use grass, dried animal droppings, animal fats, peat, oil shale.

Kindling is needed to kindle a fire.

As kindling, you can use:

dry wood chips;
bark, twigs of coniferous trees;
pine needles;
dry grass;
lichen;
fluff of plants and birds;
completely rotten pieces of logs and trees - rotten;
lagging bark of living birch;
gasoline and paper (if available).

types of fires there are several (Fig. 33). Each type has its own purpose.

Breeding a fire. Types of fires

Rice. 33. Types of fires

"Hut", "two-slope hut" are convenient for cooking food in one and several pots, respectively (Fig. 33, a).

The "well" is characterized by a hot, but slowly burning flame and is used for heating (Fig. 33, b).

"Taiga" is a large branches laid on top of each other; gives a lot of coals, burns for a long time, serves for cooking and drying things (Fig. 33, c).

"American fireplace": two thick stakes are driven in at an angle to the ground, against which logs stacked on top of each other are leaned against the wall. Position the wall so that the wind blows on it. In front of the wall, on the windward side, a fire is made (Fig. 33, d).

"Polynesian": a hole dug in the ground is lined with logs along the walls, and a fire is made at the bottom. It is convenient when there is a lack of firewood, in addition, such a fire is invisible. Gives a lot of coal and ash (Fig. 33, e).

"Star": the fire is organized by the ends of thick logs made in the form of a star. It is good for maintaining a fire for a long time without constantly laying boughs; used for lighting (Fig. 33, e).

"Cannon": used to heat or dry wet things. The features of laying this fire are visible from the figure (Fig. 33, g).

"Nodya": such a fire burns all night and serves to heat or dry wet things (see fig. 28, 29).

Some tips for building a campfire:

no need to throw firewood into the fire, at random - a dense bulk clogs the fire;
raw firewood needs to be dried by the fire, putting them in a woodpile;
in the absence of an ax, a dry log can be split using pointed wedges driven with a stone into small cracks in the wood;
an essential commandment when making a fire in bad weather is gradualness.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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