Solar collectors. Solar hot water systems. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Solar collectors. Solar hot water systems. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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Currently, several million homes and businesses use solar water heating systems. This is an economical and reliable type of hot water supply. Domestic hot water or solar heating is a natural and easy way to conserve energy and conserve fossil fuels. A well-designed and properly installed solar system can add value to a home due to its aesthetic appearance. In new buildings, such systems are included in the overall construction plan, so that they are almost invisible from the outside, while adapting the system to an old building is often not easy.

A solar collector allows its owner to save money without having a harmful effect on the environment. The use of one solar collector can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by one to two tons per year. Switching to solar energy also prevents emissions of other pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide.

Hot water is the most common type of direct application of solar energy. A typical installation consists of one or more collectors in which the liquid is heated by the sun, as well as a storage tank for hot water heated by the heat transfer fluid. Even in regions with relatively little solar radiation, such as Northern Europe, a solar system can provide 5070-70% of the hot water demand. More cannot be obtained except through seasonal adjustment (see chapter below). In Southern Europe, a solar collector can provide 90-10% of the hot water consumed. Heating water using solar energy is a very practical and economical way. While photovoltaic systems achieve 15-50% efficiency, thermal solar systems show 90-XNUMX% efficiency. In combination with wood-burning stoves, domestic hot water demand can be met almost all year round without the use of fossil fuels.

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DDR4 memory 24.06.2014

In Japan, sets of DDR4 RAM have appeared on sale, the benefits of which will be the first to be appreciated by future owners of computers based on Intel Haswell-E processors and motherboards based on the Intel X99 chipset.

DDR4 specifications provide performance from 1,6 to 3,2 gigatransactions per second per pin. The supply voltage is 1,2 V, and the bandwidth reaches 34,1 GB / s. Compared to DDR3, in addition to speed, increased reliability.

DDR4 modules were demonstrated at the recent Computex 2014, and now the Japanese store Akiba PC Hotline has started accepting orders for them. DDR4-2133 products are manufactured by SanMax based on SKHynix microchips. The SMD4-U16G27H-21P-D set of two 8 GB modules each will cost $350, while the SMD4-U32G28H-21P-Q set of four 8 GB modules is priced at $685. The modules have 288 pins and operate at 1,2V.

It should be noted that the Intel Haswell-E processors and the X99 chipset will reportedly debut on September 14th. Therefore, those who decide to buy DDR4 RAM modules now will have to wait at least until the end of the third quarter to start their practical use.

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