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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
The main measures taken in the Russian Federation to protect the population from emergencies. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Protection of the population from emergency situations includes the following activities:
Measures to prepare for protection are carried out in advance, taking into account possible dangers and threats. They are planned and implemented in a differentiated way, taking into account the peculiarities of the settlement of people, natural, climatic and other local conditions. The scope, content and timing of these activities are determined on the basis of forecasts of natural and man-made hazards in the respective territories, based on the principle of reasonable sufficiency, taking into account the economic opportunities for their preparation and implementation. As a rule, they are carried out by the forces and means of enterprises, institutions, organizations, local governments, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in whose territory an emergency situation is possible or has occurred. An important measure to protect the population from natural and man-made emergencies is the timely notification and informing people about the occurrence or threat of any danger. Notification is understood as bringing in a short time to the authorities, officials and forces of the unified state system for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations, as well as to the population in the relevant territory (subject of the Russian Federation, city, town, district) of pre-established signals, orders and information executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments regarding emerging threats and the procedure for behavior in these conditions. Responsibility for the organization and practical implementation of the warning lies with the heads of the executive authorities of the appropriate level. In the RSChS system, the procedure for alerting the population provides, first of all, in any emergency, the inclusion of electric sirens, the intermittent sound of which means the transmission of a single danger signal "Attention to everyone!" Upon hearing this signal, you must immediately turn on the loudspeaker (radio, TV) and listen to information about the nature and extent of the threat, as well as recommendations on behavior in these conditions. To perform notification tasks at all levels of the RSChS (federal, regional, territorial, local and facility), special centralized notification systems are being created. At the facility level, local warning systems are the main ones. Their task is to bring signals and alert information to the managers and staff of the facility; object forces and services; heads (duty services) of organizations located in the coverage area of the local warning system; operational duty services of bodies exercising management of civil defense on the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, city, urban or rural area; the population living in the zone of action of the local warning system. The decision to use civil defense warning systems is made by the appropriate manager. Heads in their jurisdictional territories have the right to suspend the broadcast of programs over radio, television and wire broadcasting networks for the transmission of signals and information, regardless of departmental affiliation, organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership. Signals (orders) and warning information are transmitted by the operational duty services of the bodies exercising control over civil defense, out of turn, using all means of communication and warning at their disposal. The operational duty services of the bodies exercising control over civil defense, having received signals (orders) or notification information, confirm their receipt and immediately bring the received signal (order) to the subordinate authorities and the population, followed by a report to the appropriate leader. The transmission of signals (orders) and notification information can be carried out in an automated and non-automated mode. In an automated mode, the transmission of signals (orders) and notification information is carried out using special technical means of notification associated with channels of the public communication network, departmental communication networks and broadcasting networks. In a non-automated mode, the transmission of signals (orders) and notification information is carried out using the means and communication channels of the national communication network, departmental communication networks and broadcasting networks. A significant role in solving this problem is assigned to the all-Russian integrated system of informing and alerting the population. This system is intended for timely and guaranteed notification and dissemination of information about the dangers and rules of conduct in emergency situations, as well as for preparing the population for action in such situations. The use of the system involves the display of warning signals, warning, educational and other information on electronic displays in crowded places and on other types of terminal devices (mobile phones, personal computers) in the form of special issues, electronic posters, videos, tickers. One of the main ways to protect the population from emergencies is evacuation. In some situations (catastrophic flooding, prolonged radioactive contamination of the area), this method is the only possible one. The essence of evacuation is the organized movement of the population, material and cultural values to safe areas. Types and methods of evacuation are classified according to different criteria (Scheme 5).
Scheme 5. Main types and methods of evacuation Preventive (early) evacuation of the population from areas of possible emergency situations is carried out upon receipt of reliable data on the high probability of a beyond design basis accident at potentially hazardous facilities or a natural disaster with catastrophic consequences (flood, landslide, mudflow, etc.). The basis for its implementation is a short-term forecast of the occurrence of a beyond design basis accident or natural disaster for a period from several tens of minutes to several days. The removal (withdrawal) of the population in this case can be carried out with a short lead time and under the influence of the damaging factors of an emergency situation on people. Emergency (immediate) evacuation of the population may also be carried out in the event of a violation of the normal life support of the population, in which there is a threat to the life and health of people. The criterion for making a decision to conduct an evacuation in this case is the excess of the standard recovery time for systems that ensure the satisfaction of vital human needs. Depending on the scope of evacuation measures for the population in the emergency zone, evacuation can be general or partial. General evacuation involves the removal (withdrawal) of all categories of the population from the emergency zone. Partial evacuation provides for the removal (withdrawal) from the emergency zone of the disabled population, preschool children, students of schools, lyceums, colleges, etc. The choice of the evacuation option is carried out taking into account the extent and nature of the danger, the reliability of the forecast for its implementation, as well as the prospects economic use of production facilities located in the area of action of damaging factors. The basis for making a decision to carry out an evacuation is a threat to the life and health of people, assessed according to pre-established criteria for each type of hazard. It is carried out, as a rule, according to the territorial-production principle. In some cases, evacuation can be carried out on a territorial basis. The methods and timing of evacuation are determined depending on the scale of the emergency, the number of people remaining in the danger zone, the availability of transport and other local conditions. The evacuated population is in safe areas until further notice. One of the measures to protect against emergencies, mainly of a military nature, is dispersal. Dispersal - this is a set of measures for the organized removal (withdrawal) from categorized cities and placement in a suburban area for living and recreation of personnel of economic facilities, whose production activities in wartime will continue in these cities. Dispersal is subject to:
It is located in suburban areas closest to the boundaries of categorized cities near railways, roads and waterways. The areas of its deployment in the suburban area are equipped with anti-radiation and simple shelters. The complex of early and operational measures to protect the population in emergency situations includes engineering protection measures. According to experts, these measures are capable of reducing possible human losses and material damage by about 30%, and in seismic, mudflow and avalanche areas - up to 70%. Engineering protection is planned and carried out on the basis of an assessment of the possible danger; taking into account the categories of the protected population; results of engineering-geodesic, geological, hydrometeorological studies; schemes of engineering protection of territories (general, detailed, special); taking into account the peculiarities of the use of territories. The main measures of engineering protection of the population and territories in emergency situations of natural and man-made nature are:
The most effective among these measures is the shelter of the population in the protective structures of civil defense. Protective structures of civil defense are divided into seekers и anti-radiation shelters. Shelters are classified according to their protective properties, capacity, location, provision of filtering equipment, construction time (Scheme 6).
Scheme 6. Classification of shelters by capacity, location and time of construction Shelters provide protection for people hiding in them from all the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, shock wave, poisonous substances, bacteriological agents and thermal effects during fires. They are built in areas that are not subject to flooding. They have entrances and exits with the same degree of protection as the main premises, and in case of blockage, emergency exits and free approaches are equipped. Anti-radiation shelters (PRU) are used mainly to protect the population of rural areas and small towns from radioactive contamination. Some of them are built in advance in peacetime, while others are adapted when there is a threat of an emergency or an armed conflict. As a rule, they are arranged in basements, basement and first floors of buildings, in household buildings (cellars, undergrounds, vegetable stores). PRUs provide the necessary attenuation of radioactive emissions, protect in case of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities and some natural disasters (storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, typhoons, snowdrifts). Therefore, they are located near the places of residence or work of most of the sheltered. In addition to shelters and PRU, simple shelters are used to protect the population. Part of the general set of measures to protect the population from natural and man-made emergencies are radiation and chemical protection measures. The importance of these measures is due to the presence in the country of a large number of dangerous radiation and chemical facilities, as well as the current state of radiation and chemical safety in the country. The tasks of radiation and chemical protection of the population are:
The main measures to protect the public during a radiation accident include the following:
In the event of a chemical accident, the following main measures are taken:
A significant role in the overall set of measures to protect the population from natural and man-made emergencies is played by medical protection measures:
An important element in the protection of the population and territories are fire safety measures:
An important factor influencing the effectiveness of protective measures is the preparation of the population in the field of civil defense and protection from emergencies. It is understood as the purposeful activity of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and organizations, aimed at mastering all groups of the population with knowledge and practical skills in protecting against natural and man-made emergencies, as well as from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these acts. The following groups of the population are subject to training in the field of civil defense:
Training in the field of protection from emergencies is carried out by:
Training in the field of civil defense and protection against emergency situations is carried out within the framework of a unified system of training the population. It is mandatory and is carried out in educational institutions of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, in institutions for advanced training of federal executive bodies and organizations, in educational and methodological centers for civil defense and emergency situations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, in civil defense courses of municipalities, at the place of work, study and residence of citizens. The main tasks of training the population in the field of civil defense and protection from emergencies are:
Rescue work includes:
Rescue operations are carried out as soon as possible. This is explained by the need to provide medical assistance to the victims as soon as possible, as well as the fact that the volume of destruction and losses may increase due to the impact of secondary damaging factors (fires, explosions, floods, etc.). In order to create conditions for conducting emergency rescue operations, prevent further damage and losses caused by secondary damaging factors, as well as ensure the vital activity of economic facilities and the affected population, urgent work:
In the course of rescue and other urgent work, they are organized and carried out comprehensive support:
Depending on the physical nature of the damaging factors, the nature of the emergency and its scale, some types of support become the main types of rescue and other urgent work. So, for example, reconnaissance in many emergency situations is an integral part of rescue and other urgent work, engineering measures are included in these works in case of large-scale destruction, extensive areas of pollution. In case of radiation and chemical accidents, radiation and chemical protection measures constitute an important part of emergency rescue and other urgent work. In the event of significant sanitary losses, medical protection measures are of paramount importance in the complex of liquidation measures. Carrying out rescue operations in emergency zones is conditionally divided into three stages. At the initial stage, emergency measures are taken to protect the population, rescue the victims by local forces and prepare groups of forces and means for work. At the next stage (stage II), rescue and other urgent work is carried out directly. At the final stage (stage III), rescue and other urgent work is completed, management functions are gradually transferred to local administrations and the groupings of the RSChS forces are withdrawn from the emergency zone. The operational formation of the grouping of forces of the RSChS should make it possible to carry out rescue operations in the shortest possible time (1-3 days), and their organization (separation) should ensure the timely completion of the entire list of works. В first echelon forces performing rescue and other urgent work, as a rule, take part:
They arrive at the disaster area within 30 minutes. The main tasks of the first echelon forces are localization of an emergency, extinguishing fires, organizing radiation and chemical control, conducting search and rescue operations, and providing first aid. If the forces of the first echelon are not able to complete the task of eliminating the emergency, the work includes second echelon. This echelon includes:
The term of their arrival in the disaster area is no more than 3 hours. The main tasks of this echelon are to carry out rescue and other urgent work, radiation and chemical reconnaissance, life support for the affected population, and the provision of medical care. If within 3 hours the tasks are not completed in full, then the third echelon starts work. Forces third tier include:
The term of their arrival to the place of disaster is from 3 hours to several days. The forces of the third echelon carry out radiation and chemical control, carry out emergency rescue and other urgent work, restore primary life support in disaster areas (supply of electricity, heat, restore transport routes, provide victims with food, water, etc.). To carry out suddenly arising tasks and build up efforts in the main areas of emergency rescue and other urgent work, a force grouping provides for a reserve of forces and means. Carrying out emergency rescue and other urgent work is carried out by the forces and means of that territorial subsystem of the RSChS, on the territory or objects of which they arose. If the scale of the disaster is such that this subsystem cannot cope with the liquidation of its consequences on its own, the forces and means of the EMERCOM of Russia of central subordination and federal executive bodies are involved in emergency rescue operations. At the facilities, rescue and other urgent work, as a rule, is carried out by the constant readiness forces of the facility and local levels of the RSChS, as well as by emergency rescue teams. The procedure for the work of the leaders of emergency rescue teams (hereinafter referred to as the leader of the team) when organizing emergency rescue and other urgent work is indicated in Scheme 7.
Scheme 7. The sequence of work of the head of the emergency rescue team when organizing emergency rescue and other urgent work Clarifying the task, the leader of the formation must understand the purpose of the upcoming actions, the plan of the senior commander, the task, place and role of his formation in the implementation of the overall task. When assessing the situation on the basis of intelligence data, the leader of the formation must:
In the decision to be made, the head of the formation must determine:
After making a decision, the head of the formation gives an order in which he indicates:
Authors: Smirnov A.T., Shakhramanyan M.A., Durnev R.A., Kryuchek N.A.
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