What were the main trends in the development of Eastern European countries after World War II? Detailed answer

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What were the main trends in the development of Eastern European countries after World War II? Detailed answer

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What were the main trends in the development of Eastern European countries after World War II?

The countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe (Poland, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Albania), which in the post-war period began to be called simply Eastern Europe, went through dramatic trials.

During the war years, some of them were occupied by German and Italian troops (Poland, Czech Republic, Yugoslavia, Albania), others were allies of Germany and Italy. Peace treaties were concluded with these countries (Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania).

The liberation of Europe from fascism opened the way to the establishment of a democratic system and anti-fascist reforms. The defeat of the Nazi troops by the Soviet Army on the territory of these countries had a decisive influence on the internal processes in the states of Eastern Europe. They ended up in the orbit of influence of the Soviet Union.

Implementation in the countries of Eastern Europe in 1945-1948. democratic transformations (restoration of parliamentary regimes, multi-party system, universal suffrage, adoption of constitutions, agrarian reforms, punishment of war criminals, nationalization of the property of active Nazi criminals and their allies) were also characteristic of the countries of the European West. However, in the conditions of post-war Soviet-American rivalry and due to direct pressure and assistance from the USSR in 1947-1948. in the countries of Eastern Europe, the communist parties established themselves in power, which pushed back and liquidated their political opponents - the liberal democratic parties. Having completed the process of establishing autocracy, which was then called the period of people's democratic revolutions, the communist parties of the Eastern European countries proclaimed the beginning of the construction of socialism.

At the same time, the socio-economic and political system that had established itself in the USSR became the initial model. A greater or lesser degree of copying the experience of the USSR was typical for all countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe. Although Yugoslavia chose a slightly different variant of socio-economic policy, in its main parameters it represented a variant of totalitarian socialism, but with a greater orientation towards the West.

In Eastern European countries, as a rule, a one-party political system was established. The created popular fronts sometimes included political representatives of parties that did not have political influence.

In the post-war period, in all countries of the region, the main attention was paid to the problems of industrialization, the development of heavy industry, first of all, since, except for Czechoslovakia and the GDR, all other countries were agrarian. Industrialization was accelerated. It was based on the nationalization of industry, finance, and trade. Agrarian reforms ended with collectivization, but without the nationalization of the land. The management system of all branches of the economy was concentrated in the hands of the state. Market relations were reduced to a minimum, and the administrative distribution system triumphed.

The overstrain of finances and the budget reduced the possibilities for the development of the social sphere and the entire non-productive sphere - education, health care, and science. Sooner or later, this was bound to have an impact on both the slowdown in the rate of development and the deterioration of living conditions. The model of an extensive type of production, requiring ever greater involvement of material, energy and labor costs, has exhausted itself. The world was entering a different reality - the era of scientific and technological revolution, which implies a different, intensive type of production. The countries of Eastern Europe proved to be immune to the new economic demands.

Further socialist development diverged more and more actively from the natural-historical process of the development of European civilization. The uprisings in Poland and strikes in other countries, the uprising in the GDR in 1953, the Hungarian uprising of 1956 and the "Prague Spring" of 1968, suppressed by the troops of neighboring socialist countries - all this is sufficient evidence of the implantation of the socialist ideal in the form he was understood by the communist parties of that time.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Who invented scuba gear?

People have always been curious about what is happening under water, in the underwater world, and tried to get there. But how to get a supply of air to breathe underwater? It was quite difficult. Two problems had to be solved: the difficulty of moving in water and the problem of constant pressure changes in the underwater world. Diving with a supply of air could only be done by very trained people, dressed in complex bulky, deep-sea suits with helmets that were under air pressure.

In 1943, Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnan invented the scuba gear. He allowed to discover the secrets of the underwater world. With this equipment, the diver could stay underwater for a long time. The supply of air, compressed under pressure, is contained in cylinders that are mounted on the back of the swimmer.

Breathing in an underwater swimmer is as natural as on the surface. The regulator mounted on the cylinder supplies air at the same pressure as at the depth at which the scuba diver is. There is a valve for this. The only thing a diver has to do to get oxygen is to take a breath. Scuba will give him a portion of air under the necessary pressure, depending on how deep he is. After the invention of scuba diving, scuba diving has spread widely throughout the world.

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Found the most radioactive place on Earth 27.07.2019

The level of radiation in the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean is still dangerous for people's lives, although many years have passed since the tests. This conclusion was made by scientists at Columbia University, after examining the soil on the islands.

In 38 soil samples from 11 different islands, an excess of radioactive elements was found - americium, cesium and two types of plutonium. The highest concentration is on Bikini Island, where the United States of America conducted the largest hydrogen bomb test in human history.

More plutonium was found there than at Chernobyl or Fukushima. In addition, the researchers checked the radiation levels in the fruits of trees in the affected regions and in the area of the crater formed as a result of the Castle Bravo test, where in 1954 a 15-megaton hydrogen bomb was detonated on Bikini Atoll.

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