How did the revolution of 1918-1919 take place? in Germany? Detailed answer

BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
Free library / Directory / Big encyclopedia for children and adults

How did the revolution of 1918-1919 take place? in Germany? Detailed answer

Big encyclopedia for children and adults

Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education

Did you know?

How did the revolution of 1918-1919 take place? in Germany?

The end of the First World War did not mean that calm times had returned to Europe. Revolutions broke out in Hungary, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey, and Finland. The revolutionary wave that engulfed these countries also had an impact on neighboring states. Radical elements have become noticeably more active even in such stable and stable countries as the USA and Great Britain.

But the most dramatic events unfolded in Germany. The revolution there began with an uprising of sailors in Kiel. By November 7-8, 1918, unrest swept almost all major cities. Performances in the capital were especially massive. Under their pressure, the head of government, Prince Max of Baden, announced on November 9 the abdication of the Kaiser, who fled abroad.

Germany was proclaimed a republic. A new government was created - the Council of People's Deputies (SNU), headed by a prominent figure in the German Social Democrats F. Ebert. This body consisted of representatives of two parties - the SPD and the USPD. However, a day later, the SNU had a competitor in the struggle for power. On November 10, 1918, the Berlin Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies adopted the appeal "To the Working People!", in which Germany was declared a socialist republic, and the Workers' and Soldiers' Soviets were the bearers of political power. At this stage of the revolution, dual power developed in Germany: in parallel with the SNU, Soviets existed and operated. It was obvious that such a situation could not exist for a long time. Indeed, in November-December 1918, a sharp political struggle was going on in German society, the results of which were to determine the scenario according to which the revolution in Germany would develop.

To prevent further radicalization of the masses, the SNU in November 1918 published its program for further action. It declared in general terms that the government would strive for the "implementation of socialism." However, basically this document only stated the changes that had already taken place by now. The government reiterated its commitments to introduce an 8-hour day, expand the social security system, and hold elections for a Constituent Assembly based on universal suffrage.

The main ideological opponent of the ruling forces was the Spartak group, on the basis of which the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) was created at the end of December 1918. Unlike the social democrats, who defended the evolutionary path of development, the communists believed that only a social revolution could eliminate the contradictions existing in society and bring society to a qualitatively new stage of development. In this situation, the leaders of the KKE, K. Liebknecht and R. Luxembourg, saw their main task in turning the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies into bodies of genuine democracy, which would take on the mission of reorganizing society on socialist principles.

The SNU did not lose hope of seizing full power. In January 1919, a fierce struggle for power between the communists and the social democratic forces flared up again. The government of F. Ebert managed to suppress the mass protest demonstrations organized by the communists. During the barricade battles, the leaders of the KKE, K. Liebknecht and R. Luxembourg, were killed. In an atmosphere of terror against the leftist forces, elections to the Constituent Assembly were held on January 19, which were won by representatives of the bourgeois parties. The Constituent Assembly began its work on February 6, 1919 in the small town of Weimar. The central problem that this body had to solve was the drafting of a new German Constitution. F. Ebert became the interim president of the country, and the government, which included representatives of the SPD, the NDP and the CDA, was headed by F. Scheidemann.

On July 31, 1919, the Constitution of the country was adopted, which consolidated the changes that had taken place in German society under the influence of the revolution. In a short time, Germany made a leap forward in terms of political development - from a conservative imperial form of political organization to a democratic republic.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What fraction of the volume of an atom is contained in its nucleus?

The size of an atom is determined by the radius of the electron orbit most distant from the nucleus, the order of magnitude of this radius in meters is expressed as a fraction with one in the numerator and one with 10 zeros in the denominator.

The order of magnitude of the radius of the atomic nucleus in meters is expressed as a fraction with a unit in the numerator and a unit with 14-15 zeros in the denominator. Thus, the radius of the atomic nucleus is 4-5 orders of magnitude (10-000 times) less than the radius of an atom.

It follows that the volume of the atomic nucleus is less than the volume occupied by the atom by 12-15 orders of magnitude, that is, a trillion - quadrillion times.

Test your knowledge! Did you know...

▪ When did the first flags appear?

▪ What are psychic phenomena?

▪ What heroine of Russian literature gave the name to the principle that explains the ability of economic systems to adapt?

See other articles Section Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Machine for thinning flowers in gardens 02.05.2024

In modern agriculture, technological progress is developing aimed at increasing the efficiency of plant care processes. The innovative Florix flower thinning machine was presented in Italy, designed to optimize the harvesting stage. This tool is equipped with mobile arms, allowing it to be easily adapted to the needs of the garden. The operator can adjust the speed of the thin wires by controlling them from the tractor cab using a joystick. This approach significantly increases the efficiency of the flower thinning process, providing the possibility of individual adjustment to the specific conditions of the garden, as well as the variety and type of fruit grown in it. After testing the Florix machine for two years on various types of fruit, the results were very encouraging. Farmers such as Filiberto Montanari, who has used a Florix machine for several years, have reported a significant reduction in the time and labor required to thin flowers. ... >>

Advanced Infrared Microscope 02.05.2024

Microscopes play an important role in scientific research, allowing scientists to delve into structures and processes invisible to the eye. However, various microscopy methods have their limitations, and among them was the limitation of resolution when using the infrared range. But the latest achievements of Japanese researchers from the University of Tokyo open up new prospects for studying the microworld. Scientists from the University of Tokyo have unveiled a new microscope that will revolutionize the capabilities of infrared microscopy. This advanced instrument allows you to see the internal structures of living bacteria with amazing clarity on the nanometer scale. Typically, mid-infrared microscopes are limited by low resolution, but the latest development from Japanese researchers overcomes these limitations. According to scientists, the developed microscope allows creating images with a resolution of up to 120 nanometers, which is 30 times higher than the resolution of traditional microscopes. ... >>

Air trap for insects 01.05.2024

Agriculture is one of the key sectors of the economy, and pest control is an integral part of this process. A team of scientists from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute (ICAR-CPRI), Shimla, has come up with an innovative solution to this problem - a wind-powered insect air trap. This device addresses the shortcomings of traditional pest control methods by providing real-time insect population data. The trap is powered entirely by wind energy, making it an environmentally friendly solution that requires no power. Its unique design allows monitoring of both harmful and beneficial insects, providing a complete overview of the population in any agricultural area. “By assessing target pests at the right time, we can take necessary measures to control both pests and diseases,” says Kapil ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Dangers of Early Antibiotic Use 08.04.2017

Prescribing antibiotic drugs to children can be an extremely dangerous medical practice. A group of scientists from Belgium, Israel and Canada found that early use of antibiotics can lead to a range of serious consequences.

The use of antibiotics negatively affects the composition of the intestinal microflora, as well as the neurochemical activity of brain regions associated with the activity of the immune system. Also, the use of these drugs reduces social activity and anxiety, but increases aggressiveness.

"The early use of antibiotics deals a complex blow to the intestinal microflora - and this, as you know, is an extremely important biological mechanism for the body that controls the immune system. As a result, it suffers to a particularly pronounced degree also because antibiotics, getting into a fragile organism, affect the brain, in particular, those parts of it that regulate immunity," say the authors of the study, employees of Canada's McMaster University.

Scientists confirm their words with the results of experimental studies carried out on laboratory rodents.

Baby mice were injected with penicillin, and then the effects of its use were recorded. The conclusions obtained as a result are also valid for humans, experts say.

Other interesting news:

▪ The share of Android phones is growing

▪ Asustor AS3102T and AS3104T NAS with 4K video support

▪ Cable Power Specification for HDMI Cables

▪ Pectin is to blame for allergies

▪ New HP Chromebook 14

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Riddles for adults and children. Article selection

▪ Article Cult of personality. Popular expression

▪ article Where are the architectural objects depicted on euro banknotes located? Detailed answer

▪ article Umbilical hernia. Health care

▪ article Ink on various materials. Simple recipes and tips

▪ article Powerful bipolar voltage stabilizer for UMZCH. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews