What heroine of Russian literature gave the name to the principle that explains the ability of economic systems to adapt? Detailed answer

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What heroine of Russian literature gave the name to the principle that explains the ability of economic systems to adapt? Detailed answer

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What heroine of Russian literature gave the name to the principle that explains the ability of economic systems to adapt?

Leo Tolstoy's novel "Anna Karenina" begins with the phrase: "All happy families are alike, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way." Based on this aphorism, the so-called Anna Karenina principle is derived, which is used to describe systems in various sciences. For example, Jared Diamond uses it to explain why so few animals have been domesticated by man - for successful domestication, several factors must coincide, and the absence of one of them makes domestication impossible. Economists use the principle of Anna Karenina when talking about the adaptation of systems to the external environment and their behavior during a crisis: all well-adapted systems have the same features, and all unadapted systems do not cope with adaptation in their own way.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Why is America called that?

Everyone has heard that America was "discovered" by Columbus. But why, then, does this continent not bear his name? The reason for this is pure coincidence. When Columbus made his first journey, on October 12, 1492, his sailors noticed the long-awaited land on the horizon. Their captain went ashore and in the name of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella proclaimed this land the possession of Spain, calling it San Salvador.

However, this piece of land was not part of the territory of the mainland, but only one of the islands of the Bahamas. Columbus believed that he managed to reach the shores of India (which he aspired to), and therefore called the inhabitants of the island Indians. Columbus traveled around the surrounding waters in search of Japan, but instead discovered the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola.

Finally, after many difficulties on the way back, he returned to Spain on March 14, 1493. On his second voyage, beginning September 24, 1493, Columbus discovered several of the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica. However, he still sought to find a way to India. During the third trip, he discovered the island of Trinidad and even landed on the coast of South America, but mistook it for a large island or a range of islands.

At the same time, another traveler, Amerigo Vespucci, began to claim that it was he who first landed with his sailors on the mainland of South America. According to him, this happened on July 16, 1497, but many historians believe that he undertook his journey no earlier than 1499.

In 1501, Vespucci, sailing along the coast of South America, sent letters to Europe in which he said that he had discovered a new continent. One of the German cartographers, using this information, marked a new continent on the map, calling it "America" (in honor of Amerigo Vespucci). Since then, this name has been used by everyone!

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