What events caused the First World War? Detailed answer

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What events caused the First World War? Detailed answer

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What events caused the First World War?

In the late nineteenth - early twentieth centuries. the system of international relations has become more complex and explosive. New powerful forces have appeared on the international arena. In Europe, as a result of the completion of the unification processes, Germany and Italy entered the international scene. Their clash with Britain, France, Russia, Austria-Hungary and other imperialist states was inevitable.

In Asia, Japan claimed the leading roles, which clashed its interests with the interests of Russia, England, Germany, France and the United States.

At the center of the conflicts was the Ottoman Empire, which occupied vast territories in North Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Europe, which became the object of the imperialist division.

The tangle of international contradictions was determined by the difference between the global interests of the "old" and "new" great powers. The most acute clashes and conflicts were associated with the struggle for colonies, for spheres of influence and for militarily dominance at sea and on land.

At the beginning of the twentieth century. the formation of blocs of countries participating in the First World War took place. On the one hand, these were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, which took shape in the Triple Alliance (1882), and on the other hand, England, France and Russia, which created the Entente (1904-1907).

By 1914, the contradictions between the two military-political groupings of the European powers had escalated to the limit. The Balkan Peninsula became a zone of special tension. The ruling circles of Austria-Hungary, following the advice of the German emperor, decided to assert their influence in the Balkans by attacking Serbia. Soon there was a reason to declare war. The Austrian command launched military maneuvers near the Serbian border. The head of the Austrian "military party" heir to the throne Franz Ferdinand defiantly paid a visit to the capital of Bosnia, Sarajevo. These actions caused great excitement among the patriotic Serbian youth. On June 28, 1914, the Great Serbian nationalists shot Archduke Franz Ferdinand. For the military circles of Austria-Hungary, there was a convenient pretext to defeat Serbia, but they feared Russian intervention. Enlisting the support of Germany, on July 23, Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia. Not wanting a peaceful resolution of the conflict, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28. In support of Serbia, Russia began a general mobilization. Russia refused Germany's demand to stop mobilization. Then, on August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia, and on August 3, France.

German troops moved to France through the territory of Belgium, trampling Belgian neutrality. England demanded respect for the rights of Belgium and the immediate withdrawal of troops. Having received no answer to her ultimatum, she declared war on Germany on August 4. 38 states were gradually drawn into the military conflict started by the largest European countries. The war became global.

With the outbreak of war in Europe, three fronts arose: Western, Eastern and Balkan. In October 1914, Turkey entered the war on the side of Germany. A front was formed in Transcaucasia.

The main events in 1914 unfolded on the Western and Eastern fronts. The German command planned to defeat France as soon as possible, and only then focus on the fight against Russia. In accordance with these plans, German troops launched a massive offensive in the west.

In September 1914, a grandiose battle unfolded on the Marne, on the outcome of which the fate of the entire campaign on the Western Front depended. In fierce fighting, the Germans were stopped and then driven back from Paris. The plan for the lightning defeat of the French army failed. The war on the Western Front became protracted.

Almost simultaneously with the battle on the Marne, major battles unfolded on the Eastern Front - in Poland and Galicia. The Austro-Hungarian army was defeated in these battles, and the Germans had to urgently help their ally. The enemy managed to stop the offensive of the Russian troops on the Eastern Front, but here the German command for the first time felt what it meant to wage a war on two fronts.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

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The largest X-ray laser gun is launched 31.08.2017

The European X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL), a new X-ray free electron laser, will start operating this month and, when brought to full power, will be capable of delivering 27 pulses per second, 200 times more than the world's fastest laser. today's X-ray laser located in California, USA.

The XFEL laser will not be used to strike the enemy or to shoot at dangerous asteroids, it will be used exclusively for scientific purposes as an ultra-high-speed X-ray camera that provides the highest image resolution.

The €1.5 billion X-ray laser XFEL will be the successor to the FLASH laser located in Germany. The XFEL laser is a linear accelerator with 2.1 resonators in a 768-kilometer tube, each with unique shapes and magnetic field parameters. Electrons oscillating in this field at the moment of changing the direction of motion emit photons of light, which are sent to the next resonator. Passing through a series of resonators, the energy of light photons increases, and their frequency shifts to the X-ray range.

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