|
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese|
HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Transport aircraft Ruslan. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us An-124 "Ruslan" (internal designation: product "400", according to NATO codification: Condor - "condor") is a heavy long-range transport aircraft developed by OKB im. O. K. Antonova. The US military, developing the idea of strategic deployment of troops via air bridges to other continents of the world, put forward new requirements for a military transport aircraft capable of transporting cargo of 75-100 tons at strategic ranges. The idea was that the new strategic military transport aircraft would be able to transport by air all the heavy equipment of the infantry division of the US Army in the fewest possible number of flights. The contract for the full-scale development of the new C-5A Galaxy aircraft was awarded to Lockheed in October 1965. Serial production began in 1969. The C-5A Galaxy aircraft has become the main means for the rapid transfer of heavy weapons and manpower to overseas theaters of war. With a maximum payload of 77 tons, the aircraft could fly at a distance of 5740 kilometers. During these years, the Galaxy became the largest aircraft in the world; its takeoff weight was 323 tons. However, according to US experts, the C-5A was a "weak design" in terms of service life. Therefore, the creation of a new modification of the Galaxy followed - the C-5B aircraft, which was demonstrated in 1986 at the Abbotsford Air Show in Vancouver, Canada. However, the C-5B by this time had already ceased to be considered the most gigantic aircraft in the world. This title passed to the new Soviet transport aircraft An-124 "Ruslan". Its demonstration at international exhibitions in Paris in 1985 and 1986 convinced the whole world that Soviet aviation scientists and designers had once again taken the lead in creating super-heavy aircraft.
In the normal serial version, the An-124 transport aircraft has a takeoff weight of 405 tons, and a maximum payload of 150 tons. Its cruising speed reaches 800-850 kilometers per hour, and the ceiling is 10-12 kilometers. The aircraft has a maximum flight range of 16500 kilometers, and at maximum payload - 4500 kilometers. In 1985, the An-124 lifted a load of 171 tons to a height of eleven kilometers, easily outperforming the American C-5A Galaxy, and this indicates that the An-124 Ruslan aircraft has unique flight performance characteristics. The An-124 power plant consists of four D-18T propulsion engines and two auxiliary TA-12s. The high-wing scheme made it possible to remove them from the ground and thereby protect them from being sucked into the air intakes of foreign objects. The turbofan bypass D-18T installed on the Ruslan at that time could be safely attributed to the best in the world. Takeoff thrust D-18T, created by a team led by V.A. Lotarev, reaches 230 kN, and the presence of a bypass ratio equal to six made it possible to obtain more economical indicators. Ruslan's marching propulsion systems are equipped with a separate launch system, and if necessary, simultaneous launch of all marching engines is also provided. In addition to manual control, each engine also has an electronic system from on-board automatic control. Using it, the crew can, even in very difficult weather conditions, land in automatic or semi-automatic mode. “When developing the An-124,” says P.V. Balabuev, General Designer of the Antonov Design Bureau, “I creatively used the experience accumulated in the Design Bureau in creating heavy transport aircraft. on glue, etc. At the same time, the OKB team, as required by the tasks of accelerating scientific and technological progress, independently and with the help of other scientific, design and production organizations - subcontractors, and there are hundreds of them, persistently solved many new problems, including including issues of aerodynamics, strength, controllability of such a large machine as "Ruslan". To provide the aircraft with high speeds - up to 880 kilometers per hour - for the first time in the practice of the Design Bureau, a relatively thick swept wing with a moderately supercritical profile was used. Its upper "shackle" is flatter than the lower one. snouts, landing gear fairings and much more, providing the aerodynamic perfection of the aircraft. And this favorably affected its overall efficiency, as it contributed to an increase in carrying capacity and flight range. The aircraft is configured for the rear CG range. This is done in order to obtain the greatest weight return of the machine, to reduce the loss of aerodynamic quality during balancing. True, the layout for the rear CG range required the creation of a number of specialized systems on the aircraft that ensure high stability and controllability of the machine over the entire range of flight speeds. Such systems, using the achievements of modern electronics and automation, were created by the OKB specialists together with other teams. The system of stability and controllability, for example, intended for damping (damping) the oscillations of the aircraft along the course and pitch, made it possible to obtain the identity of the longitudinal control over the entire range of the aircraft's center of gravity. The electro-hydraulic system of automatic loading of the helm ensured the almost complete removal of friction forces during the actions of the elevator and ailerons, accurate fixation of the given balancing position of the helm, and allows the aircraft to be piloted at all stages of flight with one hand. When creating Ruslan, much attention was paid to the convenience of transporting goods. The design of the aircraft allows you to quickly and conveniently load and unload a wide variety of cargo, including long-length trusses and bridge structures, river vessels of small displacement, and drilling equipment. The An-124 cargo compartment has a height of 4,4 meters, its width along the floor reaches 6,4 meters, and its length is 36,5 meters. Loading and unloading of a self-propelled cart is carried out on its own: a car or a bulldozer enters through the front hatch-ramp, and leaves through the rear hatch. For non-self-propelled cargo, an overhead crane with a capacity of up to 10 tons, two winches with a thrust of 3 tons each, and roller tables are used on board the aircraft. To facilitate the arrival and departure of cars, the aircraft is equipped with a system for adjusting the height of the floor of the cargo compartment. When using this system, the aircraft "crouches" as it were. At exhibitions in Paris (1985) and Canada (1986), these movements of the aircraft were called the "elephant dance". The American designer Robert Ormsby, the creator of the C-5A Galaxy aircraft, after examining the Ruslan, said that Lockheed had not been able to bring such a system to an operational level. Since "Ruslan" is intended for landing in places that do not have airfield equipment, unloading and loading can be carried out without ground power supply. It is provided by two onboard auxiliary power units with generators and turbopumps. Taking into account possible landings at "field" airfields, the landing gear of the aircraft was also developed. It is made according to a three-support scheme - two main and front. The highly passable, multi-column landing gear allows the aircraft to be operated not only on concrete, but also on unpaved airfields. To facilitate turns when the aircraft moves along the ground, the front and rear pillars of the main supports are made self-orienting. The braking system is equipped with automatic blocking of braking before landing and before the wheels spin, as well as protection of the wheels from skidding. The brakes are made of carbon fiber material, have forced air cooling and are connected to three independent hydraulic systems in such a way that the failure of any of the hydraulic systems practically does not affect the braking symmetry. According to the tradition that has developed in the Design Bureau, ensuring the safety of the An-124 flight was the most important task. This applies to its power structure, propulsion system, takeoff and landing facilities, control systems. The main ones are duplicated, which, with the high power-to-weight ratio of Ruslan and the obtained aerodynamic characteristics, allows the crew, say, to continue take-off with one, and horizontal flight even with two inoperative engines, to make a non-motorized landing. The hydraulic complex "Ruslan" consists of four independent hydraulic systems. The complex feeds with the working fluid: drives of the aircraft control system and wing mechanization; mechanism for turning the wheels of the front support; control networks for the front and rear cargo hatches, wheel braking, etc. In addition to the main pumps, each hydraulic system has backup power sources. The Ruslan fuel system, which is also maximally automated, includes four groups. Each feeds "its" engine. Even if, generally speaking, a completely unthinkable event occurs - the board is de-energized, the fuel will flow into the engine by gravity. The ringing system used on the aircraft makes it possible to supply fuel from the tanks of one engine to any other. For the first time in the practice of the Antonov Design Bureau, an on-board automated control system (BASK) was used on an aircraft. It provides information about the state of aircraft systems and mechanisms and warns the pilot if he violates the technology of preparation for launch or landing. If, for example, the crew did not check the brakes, then the demand: "Check the brakes!" lights up on the electronic scoreboard. BASK also intervenes when the pilot, with an obvious malfunction, tries to take off. Then the order that BASK gives to the crew lights up on the scoreboard: "Take off is prohibited!". “When developing the An-124,” says P.V. Balabuev, “in general, and especially the cockpit and its equipment, the team tried to take into account the requirements of ergonomics and achieved certain results. On the Ruslan, the pilot has only functions and means related to with the piloting of the aircraft, including control of the thrust vector of the engines, the position of the mechanization of the wing and landing gear.Systems and mechanisms not directly related to piloting are controlled by the rest of the crew members. In accordance with the requirements of ergonomics, the Ruslan used a more advanced information display system than on previous aircraft. In particular, we used mnemonic schemes developed by our specialists for flight engineers, built on the principle of displaying the functional state of systems and the order of their control. Schemes practically exclude the possibility of erroneous actions, help to make a decision in the shortest possible time and implement it with the help of an appropriate control body. The ship also has new flight and navigation indicators of the integral type. A large amount of information is combined in one device with its improved display. By the way, in addition to devices with traditional round scales, devices with vertical scales were also used. Studies have shown that data on the operation of aircraft group systems (speed of four engines, fuel level in symmetrical tanks, etc.) are better perceived precisely on vertical scales. The Antonov Design Bureau has been using composite materials for the construction of various aircraft for many years: from airplanes to airships. And Ruslan is no exception. In addition to composite materials, new high-strength steels, aluminum alloys with an increased viscosity coefficient, parts made by powder metallurgy were used in its creation. As a result of their use in various parts of the structure, it was possible to reduce the weight of the aircraft by more than two tons. On May 6-7, 1987, the An-124 broke the world record for the range and duration of a flight along a closed route, which had been held for a quarter of a century, set on a B-52H jet bomber. With a takeoff weight of 455 tons, the An-124 at exactly 7 am on May 6 started from Moscow in the direction of the southeast, to the Caspian Sea, from which it went east along the border of the USSR. From Kamchatka, the plane turned north, where it flew west from the Gulf of Cross over the ice of the Arctic Ocean. After passing Murmansk, the plane turned south and returned to Moscow from the Black Sea. In 25 hours and 30 minutes, he flew a distance of 20151 kilometers. The flight crew was led by test pilot Vladimir Tersky. In the Guinness Book of Records there are several references to "Ruslan". One of the articles is "The largest commercial freight transportation": "The record was set by the experimental design bureau led by O.K. Antonov and the British charter company Air Foyle: on January 10-14, 1991, they transferred by air from Barcelona, Spain, to Noumea, New Caledonia, three transformers weighing 124 tons each and other equipment with a total weight of 43 tons Soviet state airline Aeroflot on an An-133,485 aircraft commissioned by Relog Ostrelia in November 124 shipped from Helsinki, Finland to Melbourne, Australia, a monobloc rotary press weighing 1989 tons with a total payload of 55 tons." On December 21, 1988, the USSR began testing a new giant six-engine aircraft An-225 "Mriya" ("Dream"), also created in the Antonov Design Bureau under the leadership of General Designer P.V. Balabuev. A modified version of the An-124, which has a record wingspan of 88,4 meters, was built primarily to transport the Soviet orbital shuttle Buran. With a launch weight of more than 500 tons, the aircraft can deliver a load of 250 tons over a distance of 4000 kilometers at a cruising speed of 800 kilometers per hour. It has a stretched fuselage to accommodate 1190 cubic meters of payload. The cargo cabin can accommodate up to eighty cars. It is not surprising that the An-225 quickly became the author of many records. On March 22, 1989, the aircraft lifted a cargo weighing 156,3 tons to a height of 12410 meters. The crew of seven was led by Captain Alexander Galunenko. The flight took place on a closed route Kyiv - Leningrad - Kyiv without landing at a distance of 2100 kilometers for 3 hours 47 minutes. During this flight, 109 world aviation records were set! On May 13, 1989, on its "back" the aircraft for the first time transported the Soviet orbital shuttle Buran. The flight lasted 13 hours 13 minutes. Author: Musskiy S.A.
▪ Tractor
Artificial leather for touch emulation
15.04.2024 Petgugu Global cat litter
15.04.2024 The attractiveness of caring men
14.04.2024
▪ Red phosphorus to increase the capacity of lithium batteries ▪ Flexible and transparent 18-inch OLED display from LG ▪ All-in-one Lenovo Xiaoxin Pro 27 2024 AIO ▪ P2PE V2 specification will make card data theft pointless ▪ Subcutaneous chip for instant blood test
▪ site section And then an inventor (TRIZ) appeared. Article selection ▪ article by Ivana, who does not remember relatives. Popular expression ▪ article Can you really hypnotize a snake? Detailed answer ▪ Article artificial respiration. Health care ▪ article Balls do not fall out. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering ▪ article Electronic mains fuse. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua |
We recommend interesting articles Section 
See other articles Section 
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
All languages of this page