What is magma? Detailed answer

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What is magma? Detailed answer

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What is magma?

The Earth is very hot inside. The heat melts the rocks, and they are there in a liquid state. This liquid stone is enclosed in a huge underground package. It's called magma. Magma is lighter in weight than cold rocks. Therefore, it rises up under the pressure of the surrounding rocks.

In many places, magma never breaks out, but slowly cools and solidifies underground. It takes thousands of years for magma to turn into mountains. In some places, cold, hard rocks on the Earth's surface cannot withstand the pressure of magma from within. They crack, and magma bursts out through the faults.

Magma often remains hot enough to be liquid until it reaches the Earth's surface. It breaks out through the cracks and spreads on the ground. Magma that has come to the surface of the Earth is called lava. Magma usually begins to cool as soon as it erupts.

While magma slowly rises to the top, some of the substances entering it crystallize faster than others. These crystals float in magma. When magma reaches the Earth's surface, the molten rock solidifies very quickly. Large crystals, frozen, form mountains of lava. And the whole mountain turns out to be composed of numerous large crystals embedded in such rocks as basalt. Such a mountain is called porphyry. It serves as a source of stone, which is very beautiful when polished, and is used to build houses.

Author: Likum A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What makes us feel hungry?

When we need food, our body begins to demand it. But how do we know when we feel hungry? How does our brain receive this message and make us feel hungry?

Hunger has nothing to do with an empty stomach, as many people think. After all, a newborn does not feel hungry for several days. Patients often, despite the lack of food in the stomachs, do not want to eat.

Hunger begins with a lack of certain nutrients in the blood. When the blood vessels need them, a message is sent to the part of the brain called the "hunger center". This center of hunger is, as it were, a regulator of the work of the stomach and intestines. If there is enough food in the blood, the hunger center slows down the work of the stomach and intestines. When there is not enough food in the blood, the hunger center activates their work. This is why a hungry person often hears the "rumbling" of his stomach.

When we are hungry, our body does not require any special food, it just needs food. But our appetite ensures that we do not satisfy our hunger with any one food, which would harm the body. For example, it would be difficult for us to get the amount of food required by the body only in the form of vegetables. But if we eat soup until we've had enough, then meat and vegetables until we're full, and finally dessert, we can get the same amount of food and enjoy it!

How long can we go without food? It depends on the individual. A very calm person may not eat longer than a highly excitable person, since the protein reserves in his body are used up more slowly. The world record for the duration of fasting was claimed by some woman in South Africa, who, according to her own statement, lived on the same water for 102 days!

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New Ethernet standards 17.01.2014

The IEEE announced the launch of three new projects that will help Ethernet standards adequately respond to today's challenges. All three specifications will be developed under the auspices of the renowned IEEE 802.3 committee. The essence of the work is to add a number of amendments and improvements to the basic Ethernet standard, which will allow it to be used in various applications. In addition, the IEEE will be actively discussing the future deployment of the next generation Ethernet Passive Optical Network (NG-EPON).

Despite the emergence of various network technologies, Ethernet remains the leading standard. In 2012 alone, more than 1,2 billion Ethernet ports were used to establish network connections (400 million wired and 800 million wireless), according to IDC. Ethernet was originally aimed at traditional desktop computers, printers, server systems, and other LAN devices, but later this popular standard has found much wider use, including data center networks, tablets, smartphones, power infrastructure, smart meters. , personal medical devices, smart cars.

The draft IEEE P802.3br standard will be developed taking into account the special requirements for audio and video applications, the automotive industry, industrial automation, and the transportation industry. This version will focus on providing the lowest latency and efficient traffic flow control on the same physical connection (whereas other solutions require multiple connections to run in parallel).

The IEEE P802.3bt project was launched to offer a more efficient solution for Power-over-Ethernet (PoE) applications. This standard will be used in security cameras, videophones, digital kiosks and POS terminals, thin clients, access points, laptops and others. PoE development is also selected for the IEEE P802.3bu version. In this case, we are talking about adding support for PoE technology to terminal equipment (DTE, Data Terminal Equipment) using just one twisted pair Ethernet.

The IEEE also announced the deployment of the NG-EPON Ad Hoc network, which will be tested at speeds in excess of 10 Gbps. NG-EPON will replace the current version of EPON.

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