What was the greatest miracle of the Egyptian city of Alexandria? Detailed answer

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What was the greatest miracle of the Egyptian city of Alexandria? Detailed answer

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What was the greatest miracle of the Egyptian city of Alexandria?

The greatest miracle of the Egyptian city of Alexandria, founded in 331 BC by Alexander the Great, was the library, where 2 thousand years ago the best minds of antiquity laid the foundation for the systematic study of mathematics, physics, biology, astronomy, literature, geography and medicine.

The Library of Alexandria was created and maintained by the Ptolemies, the Greek kings who inherited Egypt as part of the empire of Alexander the Great. The library contained about a million papyrus scrolls, all its manuscripts were systematized, and a special department was engaged in translation into Greek.

Scientists lived together, at public expense.

The Library of Alexandria is the first example in history of the collective organization of scientific research. Something similar was achieved again only in the twentieth century.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What choice did Gandhi make for himself and his wife between Western and Indian medicine?

In 1944, at the age of 74, Mahatma Gandhi's wife Kasturba fell ill with bronchial pneumonia, having suffered several heart attacks before that. One of Kasturba's sons offered to treat her with penicillin, but Gandhi refused, allowing only traditional Indian methods, such as wiping with water from the Ganges, to be used. At the same time, Gandhi said that the fate of his wife is in the hands of God, who tests his faith, but a few days later she died. A month and a half later, Gandhi himself fell ill with malaria, and after three weeks of unsuccessful traditional treatment, he agreed to take quinine and recovered. It is worth noting that quinine has been known as a remedy for several centuries, and penicillin began to be used in 1942, and its mass production in the West was only in the project.

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Water is divided into two different liquids 31.05.2018

Swiss scientists for the first time in history were able to separate water into two different liquids, consisting of two types of water molecules.

The spatial structure and some physical properties of water molecules depend on the spin of hydrogen atoms. If the spin of both atoms is the same, such a molecule is called a para-water, if they are opposite - an ortho-water. The exact differences between them are not yet known, however, in 2002, Russian physicists showed that the ortho-water condenses worse than the para-water.

The laws of quantum mechanics prohibit the direct transformation of one form of water into another, therefore, in any glass with liquid, separate groups of both para- and ortho-waters must be present at the same time. Nevertheless, the very first experiments showed that it is impossible to separate them, since some interactions between water molecules, the nature of which is not yet clear, sometimes cause them to change the spin of hydrogen atoms.

Willich and his colleagues were able to solve this seemingly impossible problem for the first time by cooling water to a temperature close to absolute zero and forcing para- and orthowater molecules to separate on their own into two camps that do not touch each other.

This was achieved by turning water into a kind of steam - an extremely rarefied mixture of water molecules and argon atoms, which does not solidify even at ultra-low temperatures. Having prepared a sufficient amount of this mixture, the scientists passed it through a powerful generator of electrostatic fields. It split into two narrow streams of molecules, one of which consisted only of parawater, and the second only of orthowater.

The streams crashed into a cloud of another gas, consisting of calcium ions and diazenylium - a fragile combination of two nitrogen atoms and one hydrogen atom. Diazenylium, which actively interacts with water even at ultra-low temperatures, giving it excess hydrogen, has become one of the first interstellar chemical compounds discovered by astronomers in space in the last 50 years.

By bombarding this cloud and streams with ultraviolet rays, the scientists were able to track how both forms of water interact with diazenylium and uncover several interesting properties of para- and orthowater. For example, it turned out that parawater reacts much faster and more actively with N2H molecules, which indicates significant differences in their "behavior" and chemical interactions.

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