Can beams break? Fun physical experience at home

ENTERTAINING EXPERIENCES AT HOME
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Can beams break? Physical experiments

Entertaining experiments in physics

Entertaining experiences at home / Physics experiments for children

You know that a beam of light is straight. Just remember a ray breaking through a crack in a shutter or curtain. A golden beam full of swirling motes!

But ... physicists are accustomed to testing everything by experience. The experience with shutters is, of course, very clear. What can you say about the experience with a dime in a cup? Don't know this experience? Now we will do it with you. Put a dime in an empty cup and sit down so that it is no longer visible. The rays from the dime would have gone straight into your eye, but the edge of the cup blocked their path. But I will arrange it so that you will see a dime again.

Can beams break?

Here I am pouring water into a cup... Carefully, slowly, so that the dime does not move... More, more... Look, here it is, a dime! Appeared, as if floated. Or rather, it lies at the bottom of the cup. But the bottom seemed to have risen, the cup "shallowed". Direct rays from a dime did not reach you. Now the beams are reaching. But how do they go around the edge of the cup? Do they bend or break?

You can drop a teaspoon obliquely into the same cup or into a glass. Look, it's broken! The end, immersed in water, has broken upwards! We take out the spoon - it is both whole and straight. So the beams really break?

Now you will finally be convinced of this. Let's make an experiment similar to the one revealed to us sun bunny secret. Yes, yes, the same one with a table, a sheet of white paper and a comb. Here, too, you will need to place the light bulb at the level of the table top, one and a half to two meters from the edge, put a rare comb on the edge, and put white paper on the table. Only instead of a mirror, we now take a glass of water. An ordinary tea glass with thin walls. Cut a hole in the paper the size of a glass, insert a glass into it, and lift the paper a little, placing books or general notebooks under it. We want the rays to pass through the water, not through the bottom of the glass.

Can beams break?

Ready? Look: long rays stretched across the paper ... They are completely straight ... But those that hit the glass broke! Over a glass, they gathered in a bundle, and then fanned out! Well, yes, of course, they broke up. After all, behind the glass they are completely straight again.

So, the refraction of rays occurs precisely in the glass. More precisely, where the rays enter it, and where they exit. And the fact that they, having passed through a convex, even round glass, gathered at one point, should not be particularly surprising to you. You've burned patterns on a stick more than once with a magnifying glass. It has the shape of a lentil. You know, there is such a cereal - lentil? Like peas, only the lentils are not round, like peas, but are flattened in the form of pot-bellied cakes. In Latin, lentils are called lenses. Therefore, all magnifying glasses, and all loupes, and in general all round glasses used in various devices, were called lenses.

Author: Galpershtein L.Ya.

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Chronic lack of sleep can damage memory 19.06.2015

Scientists from the University of California at Berkeley (USA) found that lack of sleep leads to impaired conversion of short-term memory into long-term memory and contributes to the development of Alzheimer's disease.

The researchers conducted a series of experiments on 26 older people, instructing them to memorize certain words. After eight hours of sleep, the next morning, they were asked to repeat the words, using magnetic resonance imaging to record the activity of the hippocampus, which is responsible for short-term storage of memories, as well as the prefrontal cortex, responsible for long-term storage.

Using a fluorescent dye analogue, which is the only way to visualize accumulations of amyloid proteins in the human brain, the scientists found that those who showed deeper sleep and better memory had a minimum of beta-amyloids in the prefrontal cortex of the brain.

In subjects who memorized words worse and slept less deeply, beta-amyloids in the cortex turned out to be significantly higher than normal. Thus, scientists concluded that there is a definite relationship between poor sleep and the accumulation of beta-amyloids.

Obviously, a high concentration of beta-amyloids in the prefrontal cortex prevents the brain from entering the deep sleep phase, which contributes to the further accumulation of beta-amyloids. In addition, beta-amyloids interfere with the transfer of short-term memories from the hippocampus to long-term memory in the prefrontal cortex.

Now scientists are going to conduct a series of experiments to find out which of these two factors comes into play first: beta-amyloids undermine healthy sleep and contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease, or lack of sleep leads to the accumulation of beta-amyloids with all the negative consequences.

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