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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Peltier semiconductor refrigerators. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Electricity for beginners The operation of modern high-performance electronic components that form the basis of computers is accompanied by significant heat dissipation, especially in overclocking modes. The efficient operation of such components requires appropriate cooling means. As a rule, such means are traditional radiators and fans. Their parameters are constantly improving, however, such cooling means as Peltier semiconductor refrigerators have appeared and become popular on the computer market. In the 60s and 70s, the industry of the USSR made attempts to produce Peltier small-sized household refrigerators. However, the imperfection of existing technologies, low efficiency and high prices did not allow such devices to leave the laboratories at that time. Due to their unique thermal and performance properties, currently produced Peltier modules make it possible to achieve the required level of cooling of computer elements without large financial costs. Design. The Peltier effect is most strongly observed in the case of p- and n-type semiconductors. Depending on the direction of the electric current, energy is either absorbed or released through the contact of semiconductors of different types of pn and np junctions due to the recombination of charges (Fig. 1).
Combining a large number of pairs of p- and n-type semiconductors allows you to create cooling elements - Peltier modules of relatively high power. The structure of such a module is shown in Figure 2.
As a result of the passage of an electric current of a certain polarity, a temperature difference is formed between the radiators of the Peltier module: one radiator works like a refrigerator, the other radiator heats up and serves to remove heat. The appearance of a typical Peltier module is shown in Fig.3.
A typical module provides a significant temperature difference, which is several tens of degrees. To increase the temperature difference, cascade connection of modules is possible (Fig. 4). Cooling devices based on Peltier modules are often referred to as active Peltier coolers or Peltier coolers.
Of great importance is the power of the Peltier module, which depends on its size. The low power module does not provide the necessary cooling of the protected electronic element (for example, a processor). At the same time, a module with too much power can cool the element to the level of moisture condensation from the air, which is dangerous for electronic circuits (may lead to short circuits in the circuit). It should be noted that the Peltier modules emit a relatively large amount of heat during their operation. For this reason, it is necessary to use not only a powerful fan as part of the cooler, but also measures to reduce the temperature inside the computer case to prevent overheating of other computer components. Figure 5 shows the appearance of an active cooler, which includes a Peltier semiconductor module.
Features of operation Peltier modules are as follows: 1) The release of a large amount of heat requires the presence of an appropriate heatsink and fan in the cooler. Peltier modules have a relatively low efficiency and are therefore powerful sources of heat. In addition, these modules are a powerful additional load for the power supply. The power of the power supply in the computer has to be raised to 250 watts. And this leads to the need to divide the power supply into several blocks. 2) In case of failure, the Peltier module isolates the cooled element from the cooler radiator. This leads to a rapid violation of the thermal regime of the protected element and its failure due to overheating. 3) Low temperatures that occur during the operation of Peltier refrigerators with excess power contribute to the condensation of moisture from the air. Table 1 shows the moisture condensation temperature at different air humidity and ambient temperature. Table 1
Please note that at 70% humidity, it is enough to reduce the temperature inside the case by only 6 °, as moisture condensation begins. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately determine the power of Peltier refrigerators in order to avoid the danger of condensation. 4) Modern processors provide for a reduction in power consumption depending on the load (this is also provided for by energy saving standards). But this does not go well with Peltier coolers designed for continuous operation. Cooler controls must be entered, otherwise they cannot be used. There have been reports of experiments on embedding miniature Peltier modules directly into processor chips. This solution helps to reduce the thermal resistance of the processor and allows you to increase its operating frequency.
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