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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
The average American sleep time is seven hours. In 1910, Americans slept an average of nine hours a night. The average temperature in European cities increases by half a degree every 10 years. This is mainly due to the ever-densifying urban development. To protect public health and save energy for air conditioning in homes, it is recommended to use light-colored building materials and paint roofs white. A hundred years ago, people used about 25% of the land area for growing crops and grazing livestock. Now this figure is approaching 40%. Collisions between a train and a car at a level crossing occur on average once every two and a half hours in the United States. Countries that joined the European Union in May 2004 will have to catch up with the old members of the union in terms of living standards for quite some time. With an annual growth of 4%, Cyprus will catch up with Europe in 21 years, Malta in 29 years, Hungary in 34 years, Slovakia in 38 years, the Baltic countries in 53 years, Poland in 59 years. Strasbourg is France's most cycling city, with 319 kilometers of cycle paths and 3500 parking lots for two-wheelers. Based on air bubbles found in Antarctic ice, there is now more warming carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere than at any time in the last 650 years. Judging by the results of many years of research conducted in 20 countries, humanity is getting smarter. Regularly repeated intelligence tests have shown that each subsequent generation is smarter than the previous one by 5-25 IQ units. The total power currently consumed by humanity is 13 terawatts (billion kilowatts). But 80% of the energy demand is met by burning fossil fuels. The United States, Canada, France and England signed an agreement on the protection of the Titanic at the seabed. After the ratification of the treaty, it will be possible to dive to the sunken liner only with the permission of these powers. Taiwanese biologists have found a compound in sweet peppers that improves memory and learning - at least in rats. Taiwanese doctors, after examining 740 smokers, claim that smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day contributes to baldness. Tanzania was the first country in Africa to decide to acquire nuclear power. Currently, this one of the poorest countries in the world uses river energy, as well as gas and coal, but there are large deposits of uranium in Tanzania. The temperature in the working premises should not rise above 22 degrees Celsius. The increase of each degree after this threshold leads to a drop in labor productivity by 5%, experts from the Institute for Building Climatology (Germany) say. The temperature of the water at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea annually increases by one to two thousandths of a degree. The temperature of a horse during a fast run can rise to 46 degrees Celsius. A typical computer monitor contains 2 to 3 kilograms of lead in the form of solder and also in the glass of the cathode ray tube, which protects the computer operator from x-ray exposure. Only 1% of all materials consumed by the US industry goes to the manufacture of products that are not yet thrown away after six months of use. Only 2% of the land is below 10 meters above sea level, but 10% of the world's population lives on these lowlands. In the US alone, email saves 2 billion sheets of letter paper and the same number of envelopes each year. Precise measurements from satellites have shown that the earth's crust in northeast Japan rises by several millimeters every year in March. This is the result of snow melt. A third of the 2,4 million public telephones in the United States recently had been dismantled due to the loss of clientele: almost everyone has mobile phones. The remaining machines are gradually being converted into video phones and Internet access points. A third of the world's helium reserves are located in Texas. According to the US Geological Survey, at current consumption rates, Texas helium will run out in 9 years. Three-quarters of African soils are almost depleted of nutrients. Too little fertilizer is used on the continent - only 10% of the world's fertilizer goes to Africa. Three-quarters of the bacterial species that live in the human gut have yet to be discovered. Three-quarters of the bacterial species that live in the human gut have yet to be discovered. The Andromeda Nebula is three times bigger than it looks. So say German and American astronomers, following the movement of 5000 stars close to it. It turned out that three thousand of them revolve around the center of this galaxy, which means they belong to it. Tourists appear to have caused an epidemic of tuberculosis among mongooses in Botswana's Chobe National Park and meerkats in the Kalahari Desert. Animals became infected through leftover food thrown by tourists. Turkey intends to develop wind energy. In recent years, only 20 million dollars have been spent on measuring wind speed in different seasons and in different parts of the country. Off the coast of Iceland, at a depth of 80 meters, the oldest of the mollusks was found. The bivalve shell Arctica islandica, lifted from the bottom by English oceanologists, is 405 years old, judging by the growth rings on the shell. The previous record belonged to the same species - 220 years. Off the coast of New Zealand, in the Bay of Plenty, at a depth of about 200 meters, underwater mineral springs were discovered, emitting drops of mercury together with hot salt water - up to a kilogram per year. Fish in the area have high levels of the poisonous metal. Rich polymetallic ores were found off the coast of Papua New Guinea at depths of 1200-1700 meters. Per ton of ore contains 15-21 grams of gold, 130-200 grams of silver, 26 percent zinc and 15 percent copper. The issue of industrial development should be resolved in the next two years. Six coelacanths were caught off the coast of South Africa. These fish, long considered extinct, were first found alive off the Comoros in 1938, off the coast of Indonesia in 1998, and now off the southern tip of Africa. Lefties are twice as likely to develop chronic colitis as righties. The reasons for this phenomenon, noticed by English doctors, are unknown. On many beaches of the Mediterranean coast of France, a serious threat to marine organisms is the remnants of cosmetics, which are washed into the sea from the bodies of vacationers. These are mainly sunscreen lotions, creams and oils. They form a greasy film on the water, which prevents the penetration of oxygen into the depths. In some animals, sweat has a color, it contains various pigments. So, hippopotamus sweat has a reddish color. One South African antelope sweats blue. And in the red kangaroo, the females are gray, and the males are red-red. But in fact, the fur of both of them is equally gray, it’s just that in males sweat contains a red pigment. A newborn baby has 300 bones. An adult has only 206. Half of migraine sufferers have color perception disorders, most often in the short-wave (blue) region of the spectrum. In humans, 8 genes have been found that are similar to those that allow rats to smell their rat pheromones. True, seven of these genes are in a clearly inoperative state, but the eighth is active, and in the nasal mucosa. This is the first direct evidence that humans also have pheromones. For a person working at a computer, during the working day, the eyes are refocused 15-20 thousand times from the screen to the papers and keyboard. A Chinese cargo junk dating back to the late Ming Dynasty (early 42th century) was found off the southern coast of Vietnam at a depth of 70 meters. The cargo is valuable porcelain items, including magnificent vases, totaling XNUMX items. The reasons for the shipwreck and the route of the cargo are not yet clear. Coal as a fuel is back in vogue due to rising oil prices. China is putting two coal-fired thermal power plants into operation every week, India is aiming to build 150 such plants over the next decade, and US corporations are pushing ahead with plans to build XNUMX. About 500 species of microbes are already known to live in the mouth, and recently a group of microbiologists from the United States discovered 31 more species. Since the end of the last century, it has been forbidden in China to cut down the forest, of which there is not much left. Instead, the Chinese are destroying the forests of Papua New Guinea, Burma, Liberia and Indonesia, with 80% of the timber being harvested illegally. If the rainforests of Papua New Guinea continue to be destroyed at this rate, they will disappear completely by 2020. Two-thirds of the imported timber is exported after processing: China provides 30% of the world furniture market. Candlelight dinner is so romantic! And employees of the University of Southampton (England) also offer to scent candles with essential oils of thyme, eucalyptus and orange. Vapors of these oils, combined with charged air ions flying from a candle flame, kill up to 100% of viruses, E. coli microbes and staphylococcus in the air and on surrounding surfaces. The level of the Dead Sea falls by a meter every year. This salt lake is fed mainly by the Jordan River, and its water is taken apart for irrigation by the surrounding countries. A 1000 square meter corn crop costs $100 in the US. If, however, a wind power generator is built on the same area and electricity is sold, the profit for the year will be $2000. A site on the river bank in Heilongjiang province (China), where thousands of dinosaur bones and 13 almost complete skeletons were found, was protected from possible river floods by building a 1450-meter-long dam. Scientists from the Oceanological University in Qingdao (China) propose to irradiate the pan with ultrasound when cooking crayfish. This reduces the danger of allergies caused in some people by a certain protein in crustacean meat. Scientists from the University of Marburg (Germany) suggest using a special pigment found in bacteria from hot mineral springs when printing banknotes. Under the bright light of a photocopier or scanner, the pigment changes color from purple to yellow, so trying to copy a bill will only invalidate it. Scientists from the University of Delaware (USA) and the chemical company DuPont have created a solar battery with a record efficiency of 43%. Physicists at the Free University of Berlin are working on a laser beam that can cause moisture to condense in clouds, so that an ultra-short pulse of light can cause rain. Physical exercise is only good for health if it is done voluntarily. As a group of American physiologists showed, mice that were forced to run on a wheel had significantly weakened immunity. And in mice that ran in the wheel no less, but of their own free will, immunity increased. The French-Egyptian expedition discovered in the south-west of Egypt, on the Gilf-el-Kebir plateau, the largest crater field on Earth. Over an area of more than 3000 square kilometers, craters with a diameter of several tens of meters to a kilometer are scattered. It is believed that they were formed by a meteor shower that fell several tens of millions of years ago. France is the main exporter of apples in the world. The annual harvest of fruits is two million tons, and 20 percent of them are exported, mainly to England and Germany. The average French family eats 19 kilograms of fresh apples a year. France intends to spend 70 billion francs in the coming years to replace the 42 kilometers of lead water pipes that still exist in the old quarters of many cities. The French company Alcatel has set a world record for data transmission over a submarine optical cable: the transmission speed over a distance of 6850 kilometers was 3,65 terabits (trillion bits) per second. This is 45 million telephone conversations over one cable at the same time. The French company GPV has begun issuing postal envelopes with a thread along the top edge to open the envelope. The recipient needs to pull on the protruding paper tab, and the thread will cut the edge of the envelope. The French company Amficom has started production of hermetic boxes for the player. The scuba diver inserts any player into such a box, mounted on air cylinders. The sound is transmitted to the mouthpiece, and from there through the teeth and bones of the skull to the inner ear. French chemical firm Arcema has created an additive that lowers the melting point of bitumen by 50 degrees Celsius. The additive will save 700 thousand tons of fuel per year on road works in Western Europe, and will reduce the likelihood of burns among workers.
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