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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
Another piece of evidence of global warming: Based on maps and satellite imagery, between 1995 and 2000 Patagonia's glaciers lost 43 cubic kilometers of ice every year due to melting. Between 1968 and 1995, this loss was only 16 cubic kilometers per year. Tsiolkovsky also suggested placing astronauts during the launch of the rocket in water tanks to mitigate the effect of overload. One of the Swiss firms has begun production of an anti-g suit for pilots and astronauts, in which 1,3 liters of a special liquid are placed between two layers of the shell. The suit prevents the outflow of blood to the legs during hard acceleration. Pearls, it turns out, are grown not only in Japan. France produces annually 6 tons of cultured pearls worth 900 million francs. There are pearl oyster breeding stations on 34 islands in French Polynesia and employ 5000 people. War casualties now account for less than one percent of the world's total deaths. War as a cause of death is far ahead of car accidents, suicides and fires. The inhabitants of the Pacific archipelago of Tuvalu, which is gradually sinking into the water due to the rise in the water level in the ocean, decided not to wait until their islands completely sink, and to start resettlement ahead of time. There are only 11 of them. New Zealand agrees to accept everyone, but gradually, in batches of 500 people a year for 350-30 years. Oceanographers believe that the islands will completely disappear as a result of global warming in 40 years. In 1996, Greenland lost 91 cubic kilometers of ice, in 2000 - 138, and in 2005 - 224 cubic kilometers. In 1999, about $800 million worth of polycrystalline silicon ingots were produced in the world. The “wafers” made from them - thin round plates with dozens of microcircuits on each - are already worth 6 billion dollars. Finished chips (microprocessors, memory chips, controllers, and others) cut from “wafers” and inserted into cases with contacts cost about $150 billion, and the final product - computers where these chips are placed - is about $750 billion. That is, one dollar invested in the production of silicon for electronics eventually “rises in price” by almost 1000 times. During 1999, the total capacity of wind power generators in Western Europe increased by 30 percent and reached 8900 megawatts. In 2000, 79 unprovoked shark attacks on humans were recorded in the world, which is 21 cases more than in 1999. In 2002, 12,4 billion digital photographs were taken worldwide, but only one in four was printed on paper. The rest are stored on hard drives of computers, in the memory of the cameras themselves, or recorded on CDs and are viewed only on monitor screens. In 2003, over half a billion mobile phones were sold worldwide. In 2003, 32 people died due to earthquakes in the world (in 819 - 2002 people). In 2004, the ozone hole over Antarctica shrank by 20%. In 2003, it covered 28 million square kilometers, almost three times the size of Europe. In 2004, compared with 2003, French scientists published fewer articles in American scientific journals and more in English. In 2005, thanks to the use of renewable energy sources in Germany (water, wind, solar, geothermal energy), carbon dioxide emissions were reduced by 80 million tons. As you know, global warming is associated with this gas. In 2005, the world's passenger aviation transported 1,9 billion people. In 2007, the Antarctic ozone hole shrank by 30% compared to 2006. During the 90s, the weight of the average American increased by 5 kg. Because of this, US airlines now spend $175 million more fuel for airliners a year than they did in the 80s. Over the next five years, 512 million end-of-life personal computers will be written off in the world. Only 27% of them will be dismantled and then used for secondary raw materials or for parts for new computers. During the international program to search for radio signals of extraterrestrial civilizations, more than 85 million records of suspicious signals have been accumulated. Now they need mathematical analysis in order to identify among them really artificial ones that carry some meaning. The analysis would require 100 years of powerful computing, so it would be done on multiple machines connected to the Internet at once. Every year, biologists discover about 15 new species of living creatures - mostly small, living in secret or where a person does not look, for example, in the deepest depressions of the ocean floor or in the thickets of a tropical forest. During the year, biologists discover about 16 thousand new species of animals, mostly insects. According to some estimates, it will be possible to complete the inventory of the animal kingdom at such a pace only in a thousand years. During the year, biologists discover about 16 thousand new species of animals, mostly insects. According to some estimates, it will be possible to complete the inventory of the animal kingdom at such a pace only in a thousand years. During the year, botanists discover about 2000 new plant species. During the year, more than four million suitcases and bags are checked for explosives and weapons at 429 US civilian airports. Inspection of the baggage of one passenger costs the airport 5-7 dollars. During the year, 50 new varieties of roses appear in the world. During the first half of 2003, 25 million mobile phones with a digital camera were sold worldwide. This is 5 million more than for the same period sold independent digital cameras. For six months of feeding a baby, the mammary glands of the mother secrete almost 6 kilograms of fat. Over the past 10 years, the number of US residents who are not adherents of any religion has doubled from 7 to 14%. Over the past 25 years, the number of foreign students in German universities has quadrupled. They mainly come from European countries (56%), with Poles and Turks predominating. From Asia came to study 23%, from Africa - 13%. Over the past 30 years, the frequency of sentencing to imprisonment has quadrupled in the United States. Out of every 700 people, 5 are in prison. Approximately the same proportion in Russia and 20 times greater than in the most severe European countries in this respect - in England. Of every XNUMX adult American men, one has been incarcerated in a lifetime (and among blacks, one in five). Over the past 30 years, the number of cases of cirrhosis of the liver has increased by 700% among the British, and by 800% among English women. Over the past 40 years, wine consumption in France has fallen from 100 to 55 liters per adult per year. Over the past 40 years, the cost of manufacturing a single transistor has dropped a billion times. Over the past 40 years, the thickness of the pack ice in the Arctic has decreased by an average of 130 centimeters. Over the past 50 years, global paper consumption has increased 5 times and is expected to double in the next 50 years. Noise levels in the oceans have risen by about 50 decibels over the past 10 years, largely due to underwater explosions used in seismic oil exploration. Over the past 60 years, the cost of computer time has fallen by an average of 42 percent annually. Over the past eight years, the nicotine content of 92 of the 116 brands of cigarettes produced in the United States has increased by at least 10%, and in some brands - by 30%. Over the past half century, about 800 dams have been built on the world's rivers, of which 45 are above 15 meters. Over the past century, the brightness of the Sun has increased by one percent. Over the past year, more than 100 million bicycles were produced in the world, which is about 2,5 times more than the world's car production at the same time. The main buyer is China, in second place are the countries of the European Union. During its lifetime, the average solar battery produces 9-17 times more electricity than was spent on the manufacture of this battery. In an hour, Americans throw away 2,5 million plastic soda bottles. The census of the German fauna has been completed. There are 48 animal species registered in Germany. This is 3% of all species known in the world. The deciphering of the genome of rice, a cereal that feeds more than half of humanity, started in 1998, has been completed. Almost all 389 million nucleotides have been read - the building blocks of the DNA molecule, which record all the properties of the plant. This is an important step towards the development of new varieties of rice. It has been observed that diabetics are twice as likely to suffer from depression than healthy people. What is the cause and what is the effect is not yet clear. Cod stocks in the North Sea and around the British Isles have declined by 20 percent over the past 85 years. Ecologists recommend completely banning cod fishing for at least a few years. Cod stocks in the North, Irish Seas and west of Scotland have become so depleted that cod fishing is prohibited here in 2005. The sound of thunder can be heard at a distance of up to 25 kilometers. The earth has lost one trillion tons of weight. The fact is that specialists from the University of Washington measured the gravitational constant with an accuracy exceeding that previously achieved. Hence the clarification of the mass of our planet: 5,972. 1021 tons. The famous firm Steinway now makes 5000 concert grand pianos a year and does not intend to increase their output. The famous white cliffs of Dover gradually collapse and fall into the waters of the English Channel. Acid rain corrodes chalk, makes it porous, it absorbs water. In winter, the water freezes and cracks the limestone. Recently, a piece of rock almost 150 meters long collapsed into the sea. The famous Puerto Rican Arecibo radio telescope, which is the crater of an extinct volcano, turned into a cup-shaped antenna, may stop its work due to lack of funds allocated for science. Knowing foreign languages is good for the brain. A study in Canada, where 12% of the population is bilingual since childhood, found that older adults who speak English and French are more responsive and more flexible than their peers who speak only one language. Zoologists who observed 60 elephants in Kenya found that elephants avoid climbing mountains. Roads with a slope above 33 degrees are not to their liking. And if the elephant still goes uphill, for every 100 meters above sea level he needs a half-hour break for food - otherwise the giant will lose weight, so much energy is needed to climb. Acupuncture does sometimes help with headaches, and needles can be stuck anywhere. Doctors from Munich (Germany) came to this conclusion. They treated headaches in 270 patients by pricking either traditional Chinese acupuncture points or randomly selected points on the skin. Both methods are equally good: the head passes in half the cases. The game, known in the West as Scrabble, and in our country as an erudite or crossword (for the first time our public learned Scrabble under this name from the pages of Science and Life, No. 7, 1968), is now available to a personal computer. American programmer Brian Sheppard created a program that, in a competition with the best American scrabble players, won eight games and lost only two. The program, designed, of course, only for English words, is already on sale in stores. She won the title of one of the best players in the world. It is curious that, when starting work, Sheppard did not know how to play Scrabble at all, and by the end of the work he had reached the level of a master. Of the 100 species of animals and plants that are accidentally or deliberately introduced by humans into an uncharacteristic environment, only 10% take root in a new place, and of those that have taken root, only 10% multiply beyond measure and cause environmental or economic damage. That is, only one species out of a hundred is harmful. Of the 27 armed conflicts currently taking place on Earth, 23 are raging in mountainous areas. Hot mountain character is to blame? Of the 6,45 billion people living on Earth, according to the World Health Organization, one billion are obese, and if this trend continues, then by 2015 there will be 1,5 billion fat people. In countries as diverse as Barbados, Egypt, Malta, South Africa and the US, 75% of women over 30 are overweight.
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