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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
Every second, about 20 grams of oxygen and carbon dioxide escape into space from the atmosphere of Mars. Of all the wind power generators launched in the world in 2005, 38% were manufactured by the Danish company Vestas. In second place is the American General Electric - 18%, followed by the German Enercon (13%) and the Spanish Gamesa (12%). Of all the world's students studying outside their home countries, 82 percent study in five countries: the US, England, Germany, France and Australia. Of the approximately 50 medicinal plants used in the world, two-thirds are harvested from nature and only a third are grown on special plantations. Of Western European countries, young people stay with their parents for the longest time in Italy. Boys start their own apartment only at 27 years old, girls - at 24 years old. The earliest young people leave home in Sweden: boys at 20, girls at 19. Newly declassified US government papers show that in the 50s the authorities regularly warned Kodak and other manufacturers of light-sensitive materials about impending nuclear tests so that the radioactive fallout would not illuminate the firms' products. Of particular interest to this report is the fact that iodine-131 is considered the most dangerous of the falling out radionuclides for photographic materials, which is also dangerous for humans: it causes thyroid cancer. Doctors estimate that between 1951 and 1958, nuclear testing in the United States caused between 10 and 75 extra cases of thyroid cancer. But the population was not warned about the explosions. And Kodak noticed the haze on his tapes in time and threatened to sue the government. Out of a thousand deaf Danes, 13 wear hearing aids, and out of a thousand deaf Germans, only four. Of the six billion people on earth in 2000, 2,4 percent are connected to the Internet. The well-known Lego company, which produces children's designers from plastic blocks, intends to give its toys a brain. The production of bricks with electronic filling, which is programmed through a personal computer, has begun. There are more than 14 thousand variants of the use of table salt in industry, technology, chemistry, medicine, agriculture and in everyday life. There are more than 14 thousand variants of the use of table salt in industry, technology, chemistry, medicine, agriculture and in everyday life. The well-known English magazine Nature has begun pre-publishing articles on biomedical sciences, chemistry and geosciences on its Internet site so that specialists can discuss discoveries and findings in advance and give useful recommendations to the authors of the articles. Due to the rapid development of industry without regard to the environment, China's nature is annually damaged by 84 billion dollars. Due to global warming over the past hundred years, the average temperature on Earth has risen by 0,6 degrees Celsius. Thanks to this, many species of plants and animals have moved towards the poles, expanding their habitats. This advance proceeded at an average speed of 6 kilometers in 10 years. The most advanced were marine copepods - by 1000 kilometers and some species of butterflies - by 200 kilometers. Due to recent revelations about the famous Dutch physicist Peter Debye, Nobel Prize winner for 1936, the University of Utrecht has removed his name from its Institute for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanomaterials, and the University of Maastricht has canceled the annual Debye Prize for achievements in chemical physics. Historians have discovered that Debye supported the Hitler regime, persecuted scholars of Jewish origin, and often ended his letters with a salute to Heil Hitler! Because of bad corks that spoil the taste and bouquet of wine, half a billion dollars of different wines have to be wasted every year in the world. Excessive consumption of licorice (licorice) or preparations from it, as Icelandic scientists have found, can lead to high blood pressure. The speed of transmission of visual information from the retina to the brain has been measured, it is 10 megabits per second. The speed of transmission of visual information from the retina to the brain has been measured, it is 10 megabits per second. Measurements have shown that the air in the Paris metro is six times more saturated with microscopic dust particles than the air in the streets of the French capital. Particles of iron, manganese, aluminum, nickel and silicon predominate. These are products of abrasion of rails, wheels and brake pads of trains. The metro management intends to increase ventilation at the stations and more often launch special cars with vacuum cleaners. Measurements made at the University of California (USA) showed that the efficiency of a cat when running is only 20-38%, while a running dog converts as much as 70% of the energy expended into forward movement. A cat spends a lot of energy on running silently. A study of the case histories of 200 French people who were diagnosed with cancer between 1989 and 1997 showed that 50% of patients were cured. However, the result varies greatly by type of tumor: lung cancer cured in 14% of cases, breast cancer - in 85%. Patients who lived for at least 5 years after diagnosis were considered cured. After studying 115 alphabets of different languages, American linguists came to the conclusion that in most of them the average number of lines in one letter is three. Apparently, the pattern is related to the fact that three objects are the number that the brain perceives without the need to count. After studying 1295 square kilometers of the North Pacific Ocean, biologists found that for every kilogram of living plankton there are 10 kilograms of floating plastic debris. Having studied the lives of more than 12 thousand color-blind people, English statisticians came to the conclusion that the wrong perception of colors does not interfere with them either at work or when driving a car - the frequency of accidents is the same as the average for the population of England. After studying the growth of production and the associated increase in energy consumption in the world from 1845 to the present day, the American physicist Arthur Rosenfeld came to the conclusion that annually the specific energy intensity of production falls by one percent. For 150 years, significant savings have been accumulated. Thus, the production of goods for one dollar (in terms of 1992 prices) in 1845 required 59 joules of energy, and in our time - only 000 joules. After studying the trajectories of 13 comets at the farthest points of their orbits from the Sun, the English astronomer John Murray suggested that behind Pluto, 30 times farther from the Sun than the Earth, another planet is orbiting, no less large than Jupiter. Indian biologists added a gene from the amaranth plant to the potato. As a result, the new potato variety contains 45% more protein than the known varieties, and this protein is enriched with valuable amino acids. Indian researchers have shown that ozone is formed in the air during salutes and fireworks. The discovery was made during the annual traditional Indian holiday, when fireworks light up the sky over Delhi every evening for a week. About XNUMX computer specialists educated at Indian universities leave India every year. They are sent to earn money to the West, mainly to the USA. If we take into account the cost of training one specialist, it turns out that the country annually loses about two billion dollars. True, computer scientists working in a foreign land send home a large part of their huge, by Indian standards, salaries, so perhaps the balance as a whole turns out to be positive. India has increased spending on science by 40 percent this year compared to last year. India came out last year in first place in the world in the development of wind energy: the increase in the capacity of wind power generators in this country amounted to more than 2005% in 40. Indians have an average of 25% more body fat than Europeans. Responsible for this is a special fat accumulation gene, fixed in evolution due to frequent periods of hunger. The Institute for Demography in Allensbach (Germany) published data on German bespectacled people. Glasses are now worn by 39,4 million people. That's 63 percent of people over the age of 16. Three years ago they were 61 percent, and in 1952 only 43 percent of Germans wore glasses. Experts do not believe that over the years, the eyesight of the German population is deteriorating. The availability of glasses has simply increased, it has become easier to get checked by an ophthalmologist, a fashion for glasses has appeared, and the attitude towards them as a prosthesis, which speaks of the physical inferiority of the wearer, has disappeared. Contact lenses in Germany are used by 3,4 million people. The Internet provides more than 50 million jobs worldwide. 53% of the German population over the age of 14 use the Internet. Even in the age group from 50 to 59 years, this share reaches 50%, and in the group of seventy and older, the number of people who are going to connect to the World Wide Web has increased. The infrastructure of cities is collapsing. The streets and roads are so pitted that it is impossible to drive. The sewer is flowing. Correctional facilities are overcrowded. But the fact is that instead of the annually required 68 billion to maintain infrastructure, only half of this amount is invested. No, this is not about Russia, but about well-groomed Germany, and billions are not rubles, but euros. The German newspaper VDI-Nachrichten complains about the lack of funds. Things are worse in the former GDR. For example, there, on the way from the water supply pumping station to apartment taps, twice as much water is lost to leaks than in the old part of Germany. Spanish scientists treat grapes with weak concentrations of ozone before making wine. In this case, the so-called polyphenols are formed - substances that protect against cardiovascular diseases and, in addition, extend the shelf life of wine. A study of 10 preschool children in 30 American cities found that those who spent more than XNUMX hours a week in kindergarten or under the supervision of a nanny had increased aggressiveness, but improved memory and speech skills. A study conducted in 16 countries around the world showed that someone who talks on a cell phone for more than 22 hours a month for several years puts himself at risk of developing salivary gland cancer. The tumor develops on the side where you usually put the device when talking. A study conducted on Mormons who, in accordance with the precepts of their religion, fast at least one day a month, showed that fasting reduces the likelihood of heart disease. Older Mormons who fast regularly have a healthy heart are 39% more likely than non-fasters. A study conducted by the National Center for the Study of Influenza (Switzerland) showed that influenza viruses can survive on the surface of paper money for many hours. A study of 1700 Indians from a tribe that is genetically prone to diabetes found that a daily jog or brisk walk for half an hour is a good prevention of this disease. And if diabetes still begins, then six years later than those who move little on their own two feet. Moreover, this tool is effective regardless of the weight and age of the person who decides to use it. A study conducted among German teenagers showed that their adherence to cigarettes depends on whether their parents smoke. If there are no smoking adults in the family, then only a fifth of the children smoke. If the father or mother smokes, 40 percent of children imitate them, if both parents smoke, then 45 percent. Two-thirds of children of smoking single mothers smoke. Researchers at the English confectionery firm Cadbury found that there are five crystalline forms of chocolate, the most delicious being Chocolate V, and the least tasty being Forms II and III. What form the chocolate crystallizes into depends on the temperature. If the melt solidifies at 22,3 - 23,55 degrees Celsius, tasteless forms are obtained, and to obtain a five, a temperature of 23,86 degrees is needed. Researchers from the Technical University of Berlin have created a laser gun that allows the customer to check the freshness of a piece of meat in the store without opening the transparent packaging (see photo). The laser beam is reflected differently from the surface of fresh or stale meat. Researchers from Northwestern University in Chicago (USA) have created a robot with a brain transplanted from a lamprey. With its help, the robot is able to move towards the light of the lamp. Researchers from the University of Illinois at Chicago (USA) found that raisins contain at least five compounds that inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause tooth decay and periodontal disease. It is proposed to add these natural substances to other sweets that are dangerous to the teeth, such as chocolate and chewing gum. Historians for a long time did not know what kind of epidemic between 430 and 426 BC. in Athens, a third of the population died out, after which the city lost its dominant position. Now geneticists from the University of Athens have analyzed DNA from the bone remains of the deceased and proved that typhus was the cause of death. Among others, Pericles also died. An Italian-French team of geneticists has read the genome of the Pinot Noir grape. This variety turned out to have about 30 thousand genes. Each gene is available in six copies, since the variety is a polyploid. Italian biologists have developed a variety of tomatoes that can be watered with sea water. At the same time, it accumulates a large amount of substances useful for the heart and blood vessels. Italian doctors have discovered a new form of senile dementia, in which an elderly person suddenly becomes an ardent lover of pop music. This is the result of damage to the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. Now it remains to be seen whether some members of the younger generation suffer from dementia.
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