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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
Italian geneticists have deciphered the genome of the Pinot Noir grape variety. This will allow the development of new grape varieties and improve the quality of Italian wines. Italian engineers have created an electronic tongue for tasting cheese used to make pizza. Italian chemists have obtained a new modification of oxygen with four atoms per molecule, as well as nitrogen molecules consisting of four atoms. Such molecules are very unstable and rapidly decompose. The Italian Union of Pasta Producers has published data on the production and consumption of pasta in different countries of the world. Russia takes an honorable fourth place. Yoga is not a means to improve health. As experiments conducted at the University of Texas (USA) have shown, even leisurely walks are more beneficial for the cardiovascular system and weight loss than half an hour of daily hatha yoga exercises. However, Indian gymnastics improves joint flexibility. By 2007, every major city in Europe must map the distribution of noise in its territory and find ways to reduce noise levels. By 2010, all German television will be digital. By 2050, Chinese will remain the most widely spoken language on Earth, as it is now. But English will be overtaken from second place by Hindi. Mussels have returned to the shores of Svalbard after a thousand years of absence - the Arctic Ocean has warmed up. On the question of the effectiveness of the Internet and its search engines: researchers from Ohio State University (USA) asked the global network 60 simple questions, for example, what is the population of the city of Columbas in Ohio. Of the Internet pages offered by him by search engines, 64% either did not contain answers or did not exist for a long time. Of the rest, only 27% gave correct answers, the information on others was incorrect. By the end of 2007, the world's urban population will outnumber the rural population. In 1900, only 13% of humanity lived in cities. According to UN experts, by 2030, three out of every five people will be city dwellers. By the end of 2008, there will be one billion personal computers in the world, and by 2013, their number is expected to grow to two billion. By the end of 2008, there will be one billion personal computers in the world, and by 2013, their number is expected to grow to two billion. To date, 140 countries around the world have joined the convention requiring health warnings to be printed on cigarette packs. But in each country this requirement is fulfilled in its own way. So, in Canada, the warning occupies half of the front wall of the box, in the USA it is printed in small print on the side. A survey of smokers conducted in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia showed that up to 12% of those surveyed admit that at least once there was a case when what they read made them not light another cigarette. By the beginning of 2004, 153 cases of human infection with mad cow disease were registered in the world, of which 93% were noted in England. By the beginning of 2008, the cellular telephony network had finally covered all the localities in France. One in four businesses in the US is owned by a woman. Every winter, 10 million tons of salt are dumped on US roads. Every winter, the Earth's Northern Hemisphere gets heavier by about 10 trillion tons due to the accumulation of ice and snow. In the next half of the year, the Southern Hemisphere is getting heavier. Every five seconds, one person goes blind in the world. 80 percent of all cases of blindness are easily preventable or treatable with inexpensive medical interventions. Every Englishman aged 50 and over has lost an average of 12 teeth. Each of us daily receives from food 30-50 milligrams of aluminum. Every kilogram of overweight increases the risk of heart failure in men by 5 percent and in women by 7 percent. Every third Frenchman is allergic. America seems to be starting to win the war against cancer. According to the latest statistics, if from 1973 to 1990 the incidence of cancer in the United States grew annually by an average of 1,2 percent, then from 1990 to 1995 it fell by 0,7 percent annually. In the first period, the death rate from cancer grew by 0,4 percent annually, now it is falling by half a percent annually. As American physiologists have proven, comparing the efficiency of human and chimpanzee movement, 75% less energy is spent on bipedal walking than when walking on all four. As you know, the great inventor Edison sharply opposed the use of alternating current. The electric company KonEd, founded by him in New York, only in November 2007 stopped supplying direct current to consumers. It was used mainly in the old skyscrapers of Manhattan, where the elevator motors ran on direct current. As you know, the main component of washing powders is surface-active compounds that tear off dirt from the fabric. The Institute of Physical Chemistry at the University of Cologne (Germany) has created polymeric surfactants with molecules that are a hundred times larger than those commonly used. Their amount in the detergent can now be reduced by 90 percent, which will reduce the consumption of powder and pollution of the environment with sewage from washing. As you know, the Chinese invented gunpowder, paper, noodles, a compass, porcelain, a seismograph ... And now skis are added to the list. On the rocks in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (northwest China), drawings of hunters chasing prey on skis with sticks were found. Drawings 10 - 20 thousand years old. This is the oldest evidence of the existence of skis. As is known, the observer changes the quantum state of the particles he observes. Therefore, writes the German magazine Bild der Wissenshaft, when a quantum computer is created, in order to avoid errors in calculations during its operation, it will not be possible to look at it. As a Franco-American group of physiologists found, even when we carefully follow an object with our eyes, our attention wanders about seven times per second. As Australian psychiatrists have found, people with poor sense of smell are more likely to develop schizophrenia. As American and Malay botanists discovered, after analyzing the DNA of the world's largest flower - Rafflesia, this tropical giant, reaching a meter in diameter and distinguished by a putrid smell, is a relative of the modest fragrant violet. As discovered by American forensic scientists, fingerprints of children disappear from objects in 24 hours, especially in hot weather. The fact is that the skin secretions of a child contain more volatile substances than those of an adult. As American physicists have discovered, graphite, compressed at room temperature under a pressure of 170 thousand atmospheres, temporarily turns into a diamond: it acquires diamond hardness and transparency. After the pressure is removed, it again becomes graphite. As British astronomers have discovered, the rings of Saturn are surrounded by a rarefied atmosphere, and it consists mainly of oxygen. In a study of 3877 airline flight personnel, Danish researchers found that people in these professions are five times more likely to develop leukemia than the average Dane. It is assumed that due to a long stay at high altitude, pilots, navigators and stewardesses are exposed to cosmic rays that are not shielded by the entire thickness of the atmosphere. Irradiation causes mutations in the bone marrow. As researchers from Seoul National University (Korea) found, heating ginseng with superheated steam under pressure up to 120 degrees Celsius for about three hours increases the antioxidant properties of the medicinal plant by 8 times, and its dilating effect on blood vessels by 32 times. Teflon and similar fluorine-containing polymers emit toxic gases when heated strongly, Canadian researchers have discovered, which also contribute to the destruction of the ozone layer. As psychologists at the University of Iowa (USA) discovered, if a person eats with a mirror in front of him, fat consumption decreases. Here is an easy and cheap way to lose weight! As psychologists at the University of Iowa (USA) discovered, if a person eats with a mirror in front of him, fat consumption decreases. Here is an easy and cheap way to lose weight! As French doctors have discovered, those who regularly drink coffee are less at risk of becoming a victim of Parkinson's disease. In addition, if coffee lovers still fall ill with parkinsonism, then on average 8 years later than those who do not drink coffee. As French physiologists discovered, when watching sports TV shows, the same biocurrents arise in the viewer's brain as in an athlete performing a particular movement. The effect is especially pronounced in professional athletes. As Swedish experts have discovered, copper-nickel euro coins, in contact with sweat, corrode and release nickel, which causes allergies in many people. Those who deal with large quantities of small things, such as cashiers, should be wary. How will global warming affect our health? A study on this topic was conducted in 50 US cities. On the one hand, thanks to warmer winters, the number of people freezing to death has decreased by 1,6% in recent years. On the other hand, unusually hot and humid summer weather resulted in a 5,7% increase in heat-related deaths. As Australian physiologists have shown, a car driver who has not slept for 17-19 hours, the reaction rate decreases and the number of errors increases as if his blood contains half a gram of alcohol per liter. This concentration corresponds to the average degree of intoxication. American doctors have shown that four cups of coffee a day reduces the likelihood of liver cirrhosis by 30-80%. American ophthalmologists have shown that a collar that is too narrow or a tie that is too tight can increase intraocular pressure by 2,6 millimeters of mercury. It is possible that prolonged wearing of such strangleholds around the neck may contribute to the development of glaucoma. As Dutch researchers have shown, in addition to all its excellent qualities, aspirin also stimulates the growth of cucumbers. As shown by two groups of American psychiatrists, faith in God is good for moderate and mild depression. As shown by Indian researchers in experiments on rats, caffeine in large doses protects against radiation. True, an effective dose for a person would be equivalent to a hundred cups of strong coffee a day. Studies by British and Canadian scientists have shown that beluga whales can swim hundreds of kilometers under the ice. This arctic member of the dolphin family is able to stay underwater for 20 minutes and then look for a hole in the ice to breathe. It is assumed that the beluga whale uses sonar to search for vents. As studies by mathematicians from Dresden and Budapest have shown, during a panic crush in a crowd, each person behaves not like a rational being, but like a grain of sand in an hourglass. The behavior of the crowd is described by the same equations as the flow of sand. As shown by studies conducted in England, high-heeled shoes contribute to the development of arthritis of the knee joints, and wide heels are more dangerous in this respect than stilettos. As researchers from the Veterinary University in Vienna (Austria) showed, during hibernation, the volume of the liver and kidneys in a marmot decreases by about a third, and the gastrointestinal tract - by half. So the animal reduces energy consumption. As Canadian geologists have shown, the earth under a large city warms up to a depth of 130 meters. The groundwater temperature below the city of Winnipeg (pop. 650) is 5 degrees Celsius warmer than the groundwater temperature in neighboring areas. As shown by Chinese and American physiologists, rats are able to smell the high content of CO2 in the air and avoid such places. As microbiologists from the University of Tokyo have shown, a sound of a certain frequency stimulates the division of bacteria, and a sound of a different frequency completely stops their reproduction. Perhaps this discovery can be applied in medicine. As shown by German microbiologists, the bacterium that causes stomach ulcers mutates up to 60 times a year. That is why, despite the immune response of the body, the disease can stubbornly recur for many years. The amino acid citrulline, found in watermelons, has been shown to speed up wound healing, lower blood pressure, and protect against stroke, new research has found. Another study found that a purchased watermelon, if you did not eat it immediately, is better not stored in the refrigerator, but at room temperature: then the content of other useful substances - lycopene and carotene - increases in it.
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