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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
Demographers predict that before the end of this century, a billion people in the world will die from the effects of smoking. Monetary methods of stimulating science are used in many European countries. So, in Spain, a professor who has published a scientific article in a prestigious international journal receives an addition to his salary. In Finland, the funding of university clinics depends on how many scientific articles are published per year by the clinic's physicians. Barn swallows stopped flying from France to winter in Africa. It is believed that this is due to global warming. A tenth of the entire US corn crop goes to the production of ethyl alcohol, which is added to gasoline for better combustion. Detailed checks of the reliability of the new German e-passports with fingerprints encoded in a special chip and a portrait of the passport holder showed that the scanner is mistaken in face recognition in 1-7% of cases, and errors in fingerprint identification are up to 5%. It is desirable that the technique is wrong in less than 1% of cases. Nutritionists from the University of North Carolina (USA), summing up 300 studies carried out in different countries, came to the conclusion that regular consumption of garlic, raw or thermally processed, reduces the incidence of stomach cancer by half and the incidence of colon and rectal cancer by three times. Garlic preparations such as “royal tablets” do not have such an effect. Diesel buses produced in the United States since 2004 produce six times less air pollution than those produced before 1990, and a new standard for diesel engines, which came into force in 2007, will reduce harmful emissions by another 10 times. The director of the US National Cancer Institute, Andrew von Eschenbach, said that if his institute's annual budget of $5 billion was increased by $4,2 billion over five years, then by 2010 no one would die from cancer in America. Let us note that in Russia all science received about 2005 billion dollars in 2. The length of the adhesive seams in an average modern car is 150 meters, the joints take about 40 kilograms of adhesives. For the manufacture of optical instruments, 250 types of glass and crystals are now used. Some of them are almost as heavy as iron, and there are materials that are more expensive than gold. Only Zeiss lenses for cinema cameras use 110 types of glass. For the production of one ton of steel, Chinese enterprises use from 20 to 60 cubic meters of water, while Japanese enterprises use 6 cubic meters. In order to describe a new species of marine planktonic microorganisms, a biologist needs a year of work. By the end of this century, average temperatures in France will increase by 1,5-6 degrees Celsius. Until now, the search for signals from extraterrestrial civilizations was carried out in the radio range. Now, several groups of astronomers have begun searching for light signals such as laser flashes or sustained laser radiation. Until now, it was believed that Venice is sinking into the sea at a speed of 15 centimeters per hundred years. However, new measurements have shown that this speed is twice as high. Until now, it was believed that a light wax coating on blueberries serves to protect the berries from drying out. But, living in shady, moist undergrowth, blueberries should not suffer from dryness. Finnish researchers have shown that the wax coating reflects the ultraviolet light perceived by birds well, and such berries are striking to them. This is important for the plant: birds scatter blueberry seeds with their droppings. The next ice age is still 15 years away. So believes an international group of geophysicists who have studied ice samples from the depths of the Antarctic ice sheet. Are you satisfied with the acquired specialty? This question was asked by 1208 young French scientists who recently graduated from universities, and it turned out that 88% were satisfied. It should be noted that 13% of the respondents have not yet found a job, 57% took up to six months to find a job, and the rest took longer. For a long time, doctors recommended reducing the consumption of chicken eggs to two pieces a week - there is a lot of cholesterol in them. Now experts from the University of Kansas (USA) have shown that egg cholesterol is practically not absorbed, since along with it the yolk contains lecithin, which interferes with this absorption. Asia's share of global spending on science increased from 27,9% in 1997 to 31,5% in 2005. This was mainly due to China. Europe's share fell from 28,8 to 27,3%. The proportion of stutterers among the world's population is 1%. Three quarters are men. The Internet is the most expensive in the world for the people of Saudi Arabia. Unlimited access at 100 megabits per second costs $571 per month here. This is approximately 82% of the average monthly salary. Not surprisingly, only 58% of the population is connected to the Internet. Duncan Grant of the University of Bristol (England) has patented a new, particularly economical amplifier circuit for a pocket radio. If the batteries of a conventional receiver are enough for 200 hours of operation, then Grant's receiver from the same set of batteries works 7400 hours - two years if you listen to the radio daily for 10 hours. Europe intends to introduce road tolls for all trucks weighing more than 2010 tons from 3,5. European aircraft manufacturer Airbus Industries is beginning to install reclining theater-style seats in its aircraft. The new design of the seats will significantly speed up the boarding and disembarkation of passengers. European laws set the permissible motor power of an electric bicycle at 250 watts, US laws - 750 watts, Canada - 500 watts. More powerful bicycles must be registered as a motorcycle. European ecologists who examined 2001 European beaches in the summer of 11 reported that 502% of them met all hygiene standards. Belgium and Holland have no dirty beaches at all, but in Portugal the condition of the seashores has worsened on average compared to 97. Germany holds the European record for the use of wind energy: in 2001, the total capacity of German wind turbines was 8750 megawatts. With a comparable territory, France lags far behind - only 94 megawatts. Rounding out the list is tiny Luxembourg, with hundreds of kilowatts of wind power. The European Union is considering the possibility of banning tankers without a double bottom from entering European ports. Last December, the tanker Eric hit rocks and dumped 10 tons of fuel oil on the French coast, and legislators believe that a double bottom would save the sea from pollution. But such a measure will increase oil prices. The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions found that out of 160 million European workers, 28% experience stress in the workplace. Because of this, they have health problems: 13% complain of headaches, 17% of pain in the muscles and 30% in the spine. The European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) has set a record for the speed of data transfer over the Internet. Physicists transferred from Zurich (Switzerland) to the California Institute of Technology (USA) 1,1 terabytes of information at a speed of 5,44 gigabits per second, which is about 20 thousand times faster than conventional communication via the worldwide network. At this speed, an hour and a half movie can be transmitted in 7 seconds. Every year, Americans throw away about a hundred million cell phones, many of which are fully functional but out of fashion. Every year, biologists describe about 15 new species of plants and animals, and it remains to find, according to various estimates, from 10 to 100 million. Every year, up to 4,5 million square kilometers of vegetation cover burns out in the world. 99% of all these fires are caused by humans - to free up land for crops, burn stubble, scare game or fertilize the soil with ash. Every year, 40 tons of broken or obsolete cell phones and their batteries end up in landfills around the world. About 15 billion automotive spark plugs are produced annually in the world. Every year, 130 square kilometers of forest (4 times the area of Switzerland) is cut down in the world to make way for fields and pastures. Every year, about three million people are anesthetized in German clinics, of which 30 have complications and 30 patients die. About a thousand new soft drink brands are launched each year in Japan, but few survive. There are now more than 7000 different refreshing drinks on the Japanese market. Between 44 and 98 people die each year due to medical errors in the United States. More than two million liters of oil enter the oceans each year due to human activity. Only 22 percent of this volume is poured out of wrecked tankers, the rest - from leaking ship mechanisms and river waters, where oil products get from storage facilities and from car engines. Every year, about six million tons of electronics and electrical appliances end up in European landfills. Only 4 percent of them are recycled. An average of 17 Americans die on the job every day. The first cause of death is traffic accidents (it mainly affects truck drivers), the second is a fall from a height (construction workers) and the third is workplace homicide (this is how cashiers and police officers most often die). Daily intake of vitamin B2 (half a gram per day), as shown by Belgian and Luxembourg doctors, can reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks. But you need to take a vitamin for several months. Every week, about 10 French people give up their regular phone, switching to cellular or telephone communications over the Internet. Over 10 patents are published weekly in English alone. If the proposal of the British Ministry of Nature Conservation is accepted, television news in England will soon end, in addition to the weather forecast, with statistics that make it possible to judge the state of the country. A list of 8-10 such indicators has not yet been agreed. Perhaps these figures will reflect the degree of air and water pollution, the state of the animal world, the rate of consumption of natural resources, data on mortality and income distribution. If all the states of the world agreed among themselves to increase the total area of the reserves and reserves of the Earth by only 2,6%, it would be possible to save two thirds of the 700 species of organisms now doomed to extinction. If we wanted to replace IBM's latest supercomputer by having a team of ordinary laptops do the same calculations, we would need a tower of laptops 2,4 kilometers high. If we were to collect all the water from the oceans, seas, rivers and lakes, ponds and swamps of the Earth into one mass, we would get a drop with a diameter of 1400 kilometers. And if we were to collect all the gases of our atmosphere at sea level at normal atmospheric pressure, we would get a ball with a diameter of 2000 kilometers. According to MIT's computer model of the human family tree, our closest common relative in this tree lived just 3500 years ago. If global warming continues at the same rate, by 2080 the North Pole will be ice-free all year. If global warming continues at the same rate as before, then by 2055 the ice sheet of Antarctica will almost disappear. If one of the partners in a marriage experienced the divorce of his parents as a child, the chances that his marriage will fall apart are 50% higher. If both husband and wife come from broken families, then their marriage is two and a half times less durable than those who do not have such experience. In any case, such is the German statistics. If one of the partners in a marriage experienced the divorce of his parents as a child, the chances that his marriage will fall apart are 50% higher. If both husband and wife come from broken families, then their marriage is two and a half times less durable than those who do not have such experience. In any case, such is the German statistics. If we accept the cost of energy contained in one liter of gasoline per unit, then for the same amount of solar energy the consumer would have to pay 4,83 units, wind - 0,55, contained in alcohol obtained from biomass (biofuel) - 0,9 units, nuclear energy - 1,25, hydropower - 0,3, geothermal - 0,56 and natural gas - 1,8 units. The calculation is made for prices accepted in the USA. If addiction to tobacco in the world does not decrease, then, according to WHO, a billion people will die from smoking-related diseases in the 40st century. Now XNUMX% of all smokers in the world live in China and India. If the number of allergy sufferers in Europe continues to increase at the current rate, then by 2015 half of Europeans will have allergies. Even Aristotle wrote that earthquakes most often occur at night. Greek seismologists, in order to verify this observation, analyzed all cases of tremors in Greece over the past three years. It turned out that concussions happen at night by 10 percent more often than during the day. And theorists even found an explanation for this: the electric field of the Sun influences. However, in the territory of neighboring Turkey, for some reason, the pattern is reversed. Even 10-15 years ago, the Rhine was considered the most polluted river in the world. However, now the Rhine, as a result of drastic measures taken by several countries, has become relatively clean, and the title of the dirtiest has passed to the Belgian river Esco. Its water is five times more polluted than it once was in the Rhine. The length of the river is 430 kilometers, 10,4 million people live on its banks and near them.
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