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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
The silkworm caterpillar from the moment it is born to the moment of pupation increases in weight by 10 thousand times. And the larva of the willow woodworm during its development becomes 72 thousand times heavier! Travels of a naturalist. Autumn 2002 450 years before the discovery of America by the Spaniard Christopher Columbus, the Central Asian scientist - encyclopedist Abu Reykhan Beruni, who lived in the XNUMXth century, confidently predicted the existence of this continent. He expressed his hypothesis in the work of India: according to our research, we find that of the two northern quarters of the earth of the eastern hemisphere, one is land. For this reason, we assume that the diametrically opposite quarter is also possibly land. We do not know these western lands because, explains Beruni, it is impossible to swim there because of the restlessness of the air, the volume of water and the fear of not returning back. He persistently returns to the idea of the existence of America in his works Canon Mas'ud and At Tahdid. It is not known in the history of world science that anyone so convincingly and repeatedly expressed such assumptions at that time. On the most authoritative map of the world, compiled in the XNUMXth century by the Italian Toscanelli, only the boundless and deserted Atlantic Ocean stretches between Europe and Asia. In Ecuador there is a village called Mitad del Mundo. It is located on the very equator. The postal service of this village puts a special stamp on the envelopes with the inscription: Pyramid, located on the equator and dividing the world in half. Echo is a reflection of a wave of air. If the rock reflecting the sound is less than 30 m away from us, then the echo does not occur. There is a place on the river Rhine where the echo repeats the word twenty times. In France, near the city of Verdun, there are two towers at a distance of 60 m from each other, and if you stand between them and shout, you can hear the echoes of the word twelve times. Depending on the quality (size, shape, color, number and type of defects) and purpose, diamonds are divided into 7 categories and 23 groups (according to the Russian classification): the first category includes gem-quality diamonds, the second - bright diamonds for various purposes, and further - on the deterioration of the quality of stones. There are 2 types of diamonds on the world market - jewelry and industrial. Jewelry includes stones of perfect shape, high transparency, without cracks, inclusions and other defects - that is, diamonds suitable for cutting with the aim of their further use in jewelry. All other mined diamonds are considered technical. Diamond World: Classification of diamonds In 1910, in the United States, the most telephonized country at that time, there were more than 7 million subscribers. In Russia - 155 thousand. The usual telephone number of that time was four digits, in large cities it was five digits. To call outside the city network, the subscriber needed to tell the telephone operator the city and number. The conversation was ordered and waited. A. Lebedev. A Brief History of Phone Numbers Beaver stream (castoreum) refers to aromatic substances of animal origin. It is produced by special odorous glands in the beaver. There is evidence of use since ancient times. It was valued in the old days 4 times more expensive than a beaver skin. It was used mainly for medical purposes: in the treatment of nervous and cardiovascular diseases, migraine, wound healing, paralysis. Currently, it is used only in the production of very expensive perfumes, as a natural fragrance and odor fixative. To get a beaver stream, you need to kill the animal. But at this time, a method has already been developed for obtaining this secret in vivo at fur farms. In 1293, the ruler of Sweden Thorgils Knutson, with the blessing of the Pope, undertook the 3rd crusade to South Karelia. This campaign began with the founding of the Vyborg fortress. The castle on a rocky island consisted of a powerful 4-coal tower surrounded by fortress walls with embrasures. 1323 - Division of Karelia along the Sestra River between Sweden and Novgorod (Orehovets peace). The original Russian lands fell under the rule of royal Sweden for centuries - quote. By the way, according to some sources, the literal translation of the word Ruotsi (aka Sweden - Finnish) is the land of the Rus (Rus). Yes, sir, this is not an easy thing - history! Northern Fortress - Northern fortresses - Vyborg The northernmost millionaire city in the world is St. Petersburg. Singapore is closest to the equator. The length of the orbit in which the Earth moves around the Sun is 23 times the length of the Earth's equator. The largest part of the world in terms of area is Asia (43,5 million square kilometers), the smallest is Australia (together with Oceania about 9 million square kilometers). In Africa, islands and peninsulas occupy only 1/15 of its territory, in Asia - 1/5, and in Europe - 1/3 of the total area. The soil of the island of Kimolos, which is part of the Cyclades group in the Aegean Sea, consists of a fatty soapy substance that the inhabitants of the island have been using as soap since time immemorial. They bathe with it and wash their clothes. When it rains, the island is covered in soapy foam. The largest atlas is kept in the German State Library in Berlin. Its weight is about 250 kilograms, and its dimensions are 1,70x2,20 meters. This rare exhibit gives library visitors the opportunity to get acquainted with the cartographic art of the XNUMXth century. The first geographical globe is kept in the city of Nuremberg. It was made by the geographer M. Beheim in 1492. The famous Ear of Dionysius is a giant grotto carved into the rocks near Syracuse and really resembling a human ear, where the echo reaches such strength that the rustle of a paper sheet torn at the entrance resounds from the depths with a cannon shot. Lake Baikal can be filled with 94 bodies of water such as the Sea of Azov. The most common mineral on earth is quartz. It turns out that ice is unequally cold. There is very cold ice, with a temperature of about minus 60 degrees. This is the ice of some Antarctic glaciers. The ice of the Greenland glaciers is much warmer. Its temperature is approximately -28 degrees. Very warm ice (with a temperature of about 0 degrees) lie on the tops of the Alps and the Scandinavian mountains. In the Atacama Desert on the Pacific coast of America, no more than 8 millimeters of precipitation falls annually; because of the dryness, the corpses of dead animals dry up there and do not rot for thirty years. One of the delightful creations of Russian architecture, which has no analogues in the world. An unusual combination of chapters, bizarre forms, a complete mixture of styles with a general unity and harmony amaze with their originality. This most famous and mysterious temple is colloquially called St. Basil's Cathedral or even St. Basil's Cathedral, although its exact name is the Cathedral of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos, after the name of the main throne. On the Feast of the Intercession, October 1, Art. style of 1552, Ivan the Terrible took Kazan. The central hipped dome is surrounded by eight onion-shaped domes, not similar to one another - they mark eight aisles, each in honor of its saint or event, and there are 11 in total... History has not preserved the reliable names of the builders of the Intercession Cathedral, probably because the temple was not built, but grew like a mycelium, by the efforts of masters of different times. At first, probably, the architects Barma and Postnik Yakovlev, who are mentioned in the chronicles, built nine pillar-shaped churches instead of wooden ones on a common stone foundation, after which they were connected by galleries, and then the whole structure was given the appearance of a single cathedral. In general, construction lasted 126 years. The churches had to be placed so closely together not by some special plan, but because of a simple necessity. In the small space of the current Red Square, then there were about 30 (!) Churches and each was surrounded by a dense row of graves ... At the heart of all television devices is the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect, discovered at the end of the 19th century by A.G. Stoletov. Professor B.L. Rosing in 1907 filed a patent for a television device with a CRT. Engineer S.I. Kataev in 1931 proposed a new method for constructing transmitting tubes, the development of which by P.V. Shmakov and P.V. Timofeev made it possible to create a transmitting tube of high sensitivity. Since the end of the 20s, TV broadcasting began in the USA and a number of European countries using not electronic, but mechanical systems that allow transmitting simple images with a clarity of up to 48 lines. Transmissions from Moscow according to the standard of 30 lines, 12,5 frames were conducted on medium waves from 1.10.1931/XNUMX/XNUMX. The equipment was developed at the All-Union Electrotechnical Institute by P.V. Shmakov and V.I. Arkhangelsky. As of January 1, 1956, the population of the USSR had about 819 televisions in use. Seven more frequency channels (6-12) were allocated for TV broadcasting. On January 1, 1962, the registration of receivers and television sets and the collection of a subscription fee for them were canceled. Valeriy Kharchenko's website Televisions of the USSR This spring, the number of mobile phones in the world exceeded one billion. If we take into account ordinary phones, on average, every third inhabitant of the Earth has his own telephone number. Statisticians estimate that the world's population sends and receives 610 billion emails a year. For every inhabitant of the planet, including babies and inhabitants of the outback, who have never seen a computer, there are an average of one hundred messages a year. Norwegian microbiologists have developed a strain of microbes that increase the recovery of oil from underground reservoirs. In France, the number of applicants who dream of studying exact and natural sciences is falling. Since 1995, enrollment in physics departments has fallen by 46 percent, and biology students by 27 percent. But the number of future engineers increased by 53 percent. Mobile phones can help the traffic police to monitor the situation on the roads, reporting traffic jams. The English firm Applied Generics proposes to use the signals of phones that periodically report their location to the nearest base station to localize traffic jams. If a lot of phones have accumulated in some place on the road, it means that there are a lot of cars there. From the signals of the phones, you can understand that the cars are standing or almost not moving. Tests have shown that the accuracy of determining the location of a congestion of cars is up to 250 meters. Half of migraine sufferers have color perception disorders, most often in the short-wave (blue) region of the spectrum. In 1972, 65 percent of French doctors smoked, now only 34 percent. As experiments conducted in Japan have shown, sessions of staying in a sauna at 60 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes daily for two weeks improve the condition of the walls of blood vessels and cardiac activity in patients with chronic heart failure. Galileo Galilei did not put a date on the sheet with the first formulation of the laws of free fall, so until now historians of science have carefully indicated that the scientist derived these patterns in 1590-1632. Now an analysis of the metal content of the ink of the text, carried out at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Florence, has shown that Galileo used the same ink in the records of his expenses dating back to 1604. As Japanese dentists have shown, caries develops faster in zero gravity than on Earth. On the teeth of mice launched into space, microorganisms that cause caries multiplied more actively than usual. It is believed that in weightlessness, saliva is worse distributed over the oral cavity and poorly washes microorganisms from the teeth. Judging by the results of many years of research conducted in 20 countries, humanity is getting smarter. Regularly repeated intelligence tests have shown that each subsequent generation is smarter than the previous one by 5-25 IQ units. Comet Hyakutake, which we admired in 1996, will next visit our sky only in the year 31446. According to a survey of 2230 French people, on average, each of them spends 30 telephone conversations a week and most often talks with less than a dozen relatives and acquaintances. It is curious that modern models of telephones often have a memory for several thousand telephone numbers. Coffee is a self-pollinating plant. However, experiments in Panama have shown that the presence of bees increases the coffee yield by 25 percent. About 70 percent of all air crashes occur due to mutual misunderstanding between crew members or between pilots and ground services. The number of Japanese macaques has increased tenfold since the end of World War II, from 10 to 15. Zoologist Kunio Watanabe has calculated that if no action is taken, by the year 150 there will be more monkeys than people on the Japanese islands. Already a hundred kilometers from Tokyo, you can find large groups of macaques behaving aggressively in search of food. They even rob grocery stores. At the Finnish Institute for Radiation Safety, a human cell culture was exposed to cell phone radio waves for 48 hours, monitoring the activity of about 4500 genes in the cells. Two dozen genes speeded up or slowed down their work to control protein synthesis. Austrian doctors accidentally discovered a reliable way to lose weight. An obese patient was undergoing surgery, and it was only with difficulty that the anesthesia hose was inserted into his windpipe. At the same time, the taste buds on the tongue were damaged, and for two years after the operation, the patient felt only sweet taste, but did not perceive either sour, salty, or bitter. From this, almost all food seemed tasteless to him, and in two years he lost 20 kilograms in weight. Now nutritionists are looking for drugs that temporarily disable the sense of taste. This spring, the number of personal computers sold in the world, since the mid-70s, when these devices appeared on the market, has reached a billion. A quarter of them were bought for the home, three quarters - for institutions. The average European watches television every day for three to four hours. Where do they prefer to put the TV receiver? This question was asked by the German Consumer Research Society. In Germany and Switzerland, televisions are mostly installed in the living room (67 and 71 percent respectively), but 26 percent of Italians prefer to watch TV in the kitchen (in Germany - only one percent). Swedes tend to watch TV in the bedroom. According to new data from Japanese geophysicists, the Earth's mantle, at depths from 650 to 2000 kilometers, contains five times more water in bound form than in all the oceans. A million coconuts and 500 breadfruit seedlings are shipped from Polynesia to Easter Island. The island is practically devoid of vegetation. The large trees with which it was once covered were used to make levers, wooden rails, drags and props for lifting and moving huge stone statues (see Science and Life No. 1, 1996). An attempt will now be made to re-green Easter Island. A survey of 14 Americans aged 600-45 showed that those who eat 75-5 meals a day have 6% lower cholesterol levels than those who eat 5-2 meals a day. And this despite the fact that the former absorb more fat per day than the latter. Of the 27 armed conflicts currently taking place on Earth, 23 are raging in mountainous areas. Hot mountain character is to blame? Religion affects almost all views of a person. In the United States, a survey was conducted among adherents of various religious teachings about their attitude to food products obtained by genetic engineering. The survey showed that 40 percent of Protestants, 35 percent of Catholics, 22 percent of Jews and only 14 percent of Muslims are afraid of such products. Atheists in this respect are closer to Protestants - 39 percent. The star HR 8210 has been discovered, about to explode. Moreover, it is located very close - at a distance of 150 light years from Earth. A safe distance from a supernova explosion is considered to be a radius of 160-200 light years. When the radiation from the explosion reaches the Earth, the ozone layer will be destroyed in a few minutes, and with it all life on the planet. True, just about on an astronomical scale - this is several hundred million years. More than two million liters of oil enter the oceans each year due to human activity. Only 22 percent of this volume is poured out of wrecked tankers, the rest - from leaking ship mechanisms and river waters, where oil products get from storage facilities and from car engines. The Swiss are the most inventive nation in the world. There are 2286 patents per million inhabitants of Switzerland. The closest competitors are the Dutch (1427 patents per million population), the South Koreans (1139) and the Japanese (1118). It is believed that increased ingenuity is associated with the lack of minerals and access to the sea in Switzerland, which does not allow the development of either serious industry or trade. You have to lean on ingenuity. Japanese scientists have grown a crystal of niobium selenide in the form of a Mobius strip with a diameter of a human hair. According to UN experts, in 30 years, 70 percent of the land surface will be damaged in one way or another by human activities. There are fewer real wolves left in Europe. The DNA of 31 local wolves was studied in the Latvian Kemeri National Park. It turned out that at least 12 of them are wolf-dog hybrids. According to the World Health Organization, half of all hospital beds in the world are occupied by people who get sick because of dirty water. In the constellation of Cancer, a double star was found, consisting of two white dwarfs separated by a distance of less than 100 thousand kilometers (three times closer than from the Earth to the Moon). They revolve around each other every 5,3 minutes. This is a speed record for a star waltz. The previous record was 9,5 minutes. Japanese biologists have discovered that when the neurons of the brain work, they produce a certain amount of hydrogen sulfide. It helps neurons send signals to each other. It turned out that in Alzheimer's disease, the amount of hydrogen sulfide in the brain is greatly reduced. German engineers proposed to cover the surface of implantable prostheses with the thinnest layer of silver - only a few millionths of a millimeter. Such prostheses take root better, since silver provides sterility by killing germs. Areas of seas and oceans deeper than 1000 meters occupy 62,3 percent of the Earth's surface, but only 0,0000016 percent of these areas have been studied. Note that land makes up 29,2 percent of our planet's area. Singaporean mechanical engineer Siram Ramakrishna will soon receive a patent for the material he invented for filling teeth - a material of unprecedented strength, also designed to permanently glue cracked parts of the tooth. Initially, the material was developed for the repair of armored personnel carriers and the construction of bridges and ferries, but one of the Singaporean dentists determined that the new composition is also ideal for repairing small parts, in particular, for filling teeth. The inventor himself said that his brainchild, made of composite materials and fiberglass, along with the ability to withstand overload, has sufficient mobility to move along with the teeth while eating. Now the Singaporean is looking for a company that is ready to take care of the mass production and planetary promotion of new dental fillings.
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