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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
For the first time in Egypt, a mummy was discovered with traces of plastic surgery carried out in order to hide the loss of a big toe on the pharaoh's left foot. During the operation, a prosthesis, skillfully made of wood and leather, was sewn to the foot. After the death of the pharaoh, his body was mummified, leaving an artificial toe on his foot, perfectly preserved to this day. This discovery was truly sensational, because before scientists did not even assume that the ancient Egyptians knew how to perform cosmetic surgery. Those Japanese who have just been born or will be born within the next few months will live an unprecedentedly long life. The data of scientists show that the life expectancy of the Japanese, who now swing in cradles and dangle their legs, will be the highest in the history of mankind. However, they will spend the extra years of their lives not in retirement, but in the workplace. The average Japanese of the new generation will live longer than 80 years. The high life expectancy in Japan is due to the fact that the Japanese eat low-fat foods and that the country has a reliable healthcare system. Politicians and demographers warn that older Japanese will have to work harder or the pension and healthcare systems will fall apart due to an aging society and declining population. According to the Guinness Book of Records, the oldest woman in the world is a resident of Japan, Kamoto Hongo, who will turn 115 this year. The proportion of people over the age of 75 in this country is the highest in the world. Currently, there is one pensioner for every four employees. In a quarter of a century, this ratio will be two to one, as the number of people over 80 will triple. One Japanese company has already capitalized on the demographic shift. The chain of Japanese beer houses invites only older people to work. The company is going to open a thousand pubs and hire XNUMX pensioners there. The idea of a steam engine was suggested to its inventors by the design of a reciprocating water pump, which was known in antiquity. For the first time, a model of such a machine was proposed in 1690 by Papen. In 1702 he created his own Severi pump. But the most widely used in the first half of the 1711th century was the Newcomen steam engine, created in XNUMX. In 1770 the French engineer J. Cugno built a self-propelled cart driven by steam, which was the first (steam) car. The first universal steam engine was built by the English inventor James Watt. With the support of a major industrialist Bolton for ten years in the period from 1775 to 1785. Watt's firm built 66 steam engines: 22 of them for copper mines, 17 for metallurgical plants, 7 for water pipes, 5 for coal mines and 2 for textile factories. The invention of the steam engine played a huge role in the transition to machine production. No wonder the monument to Watt says: Increased the power of man over nature. The first steam locomotive was designed in 1803 by the English inventor Richard Trevithick. It was called Catch Me Who Can! And developed a speed of up to 30 km / h. DOWN Wed. (German and Polish) single shafts, bald head, replacing shafts in non-Russian, paired harness. The butt of the drawbar is inserted into the knitting needles and fastened with a bolt pierced across, a bolt; the top is bound with a sheet and a hook is driven in for stripes, belts going to the clamps. The drawbar turns the limber and carries the whole wagon behind it. The law drawbar, where you want, you turn back there (and it turned out there). Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by Vladimir Dahl One of the founders of the Russian faience industry, Andrey Auerbakh, wrote in 1811: As the faience made by me, out of kindness, replaces the foreign one, and besides, thanks to my activity, I managed to invent all the materials needed for it in the fatherland itself, then it is necessary in order to go to foreign lands the money didn’t go away ... the highest ban on the import of such dishes, just like the import of mirrors, paper, etc., from such a ban, my factory will not only be able to spread, but many other hunters will start in the state to have this necessary utensils. Konakovo faience factory In accordance with the order of the municipal authorities of the Japanese capital, from now on, the owners of new houses will have to plant trees on roofs with an area of more than 1000 square meters, primarily cedars and conifers. The goal of the project is to prevent further warming in the Tokyo metropolitan area. According to meteorologists, over the past 100 years, the air temperature in the multimillion-strong capital of Japan has increased by almost three degrees Celsius, while in other cities of the country - by only one degree. Japan: 1000 square meters of trees on the roof It is customary to call nuggets natural pieces of metals weighing more than 5–12 g and measuring more than 4–5 mm in diameter. The largest nuggets are named and kept in museums. Nuggets are not found everywhere. In known primary deposits, the gold is often very fine and there are no nuggets. In alluvial deposits, nuggets are almost always found, but in most regions of the world they are small in size. Large nuggets are rare. For example, in the famous Alaska, the largest nugget found during the entire period of work weighed only 2400 g. Nuggets weighing more than 5-10 kg are found only in certain regions of the world. First of all, this is Australia. Dozens of large nuggets have been found here, in particular, the largest nugget in the world, the Holterman Plate, containing about 90 kg of gold, has been registered. Relatively recently, in the 80s, a hand of fate nugget weighing 27 kg was found. GOLD Nuggets In the XI century. in the southern part of Afghanistan, in the province of Zaruban, a cubit-by-cubit-sized gold nugget was found; in modern terms, the mass of such a nugget was 2500 kg. It was apparently the largest gold nugget ever found in the history of gold mining. In Russia, the largest gold nugget weighing 36 kg was found in the Urals in 1842 and named the Big Triangle. After 1917, gold nuggets Bolshoi Tyelginsky (14 kg, Chelyabinsk region, 1936), Golden giant (14 kg, Magadan region, 1961) were found. Stepin B.N., Alikberova L.Yu. A book on chemistry for home reading - M .: Chemistry, 1994. Salami, (salami) Italian smoked sausage with garlic. Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron On January 10, 1917, news from the fronts of the First World War had to make room on the front pages of all American newspapers. William Cody has died. However, not very many people knew this name in the States. He went down in history under the nickname Buffalo Bill, which can be translated as Bill, the buffalo hunter. Once upon a time, almost every third representative of this popular profession in the XNUMXth century was called that, but by the XNUMXth century this name already meant only one person who can be considered the ancestor of the western genre. Evening New York How the western was tempered Moselle wines are made from grapes grown on the banks of the Moselle - the left tributary of the Rhine. They are similar to those of the Rhine, but in the past they could not be preserved for so long. The main feature of these wines is a musky or elderberry bouquet. RHEIN - THE FATHER OF WINE: WINES OF GERMANY The building of the Ukraine Hotel in Moscow was opened in 1957, almost simultaneously with the other six Stalinist skyscrapers that so changed the entire panorama of the capital. Ukraine has 1000 rooms on 34 floors. Height - 170 meters, and with a spire - all 200. Kutuzovsky Prospekt The method of bloodletting was popular in Rus'. According to one version, it is primordially Russian and originates from the time of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (XVII century). According to other sources, Spanish merchants brought it to Russia. There were whole dynasties of bloodletters in Rus'. They passed on their experience from generation to generation. Sometimes barbers became ore throwers. Modern bloodletters (folk healers) have a primordially Slavic tradition that existed among their predecessors - a dying ore thrower must transfer secret power to a successor. If there is no one nearby, he takes his gift to the grave. ORE METERS FROM RUSSIAN VILLAGES - WHO ARE THEY? Hops - God of hops and drunkenness. Husband of Suritsa (solar Goddess of joy, light). Hops (Humulus), a genus of perennial and annual dioecious vines of the mulberry family. There are 4 species in the genus, growing in countries of the temperate zone. In culture, the most common Ch. ordinary is a perennial plant with curly ribbed stems that die off for the winter (grow in the spring from rhizome buds), over 10 m long. Hop cones are a raw material for brewing. Contain 8-10% bitter, tannic and aromatic substances. They are also used in medicine for the preparation of the so-called. sedative collection (tea) mixed with mint and shamrock leaves and valerian roots, as a diuretic and analgesic for cystitis, as well as in cosmetics. Coarse fiber can be obtained from the stems. Great Soviet Encyclopedia In the time of Henry VI (1421-1471) the cultivation of hops in England was forbidden, but a century later it was reborn from Flanders, but in small numbers. The prejudice against the use of hops was very strong at first. Henry VIII banned brewers from adding hops and sulfur to ale. A petition was filed in Parliament against hops as a bad seed that kills the taste of the drink and threatens the health of the people. The author John Evelyn said in 1670: Hops transform our wholesome ale into beer, which no doubt changes its essence. This is the very element that is considered unworthy, saves the drink, but pays for the pleasure with painful diseases and shortening of life. Hops (Humulus lupulus) Hop The largest hop planting countries in the world are Germany (32% of the world area), the USA (24%), the Czech Republic (10%) and China (8%). Europe accounts for 64% of the world's hop acreage. According to this indicator, Russia ranks 6th in Europe and 8th in the world. Hop growing Hop cones are highly valued for their bitter content of lupulin and humulin. They accumulate 0,4% essential oil, contain up to 26% resinous substances, which are a mixture of hop acids, valeric acid, tannins up to 3%, coumarins, choline, rutin. B group vitamins. Hop relieves spasms of the heart vessels, enhances the secretory and motor function of the stomach in gastritis. Its active substances suppress various pathogens. However, you need to know that hops are a poisonous plant, and in case of an overdose, especially when taken orally, general malaise, headache, and vomiting appear. Hop cones Hop the Latin name is Humulus lupulus. English name - Hops, Common hop. used parts of the plant - Female inflorescences and glands. active substances - Bitterness (humulon, lupolon), essential oil, flavonoids, minerals, etc. action - Calming, anti-anxiety, antispasmodic, diuretic, stimulating the menstrual cycle, etc. Hops - medicinal plants in orthomolecular medicine The origin of the generic name Humulus is uncertain, with some authors suggesting that it comes from humus, the loose, moist soil in which it grows. The name Lupulus comes from the Latin lupus - wolf. According to Pliny, growing on willows, hops strangle them in their branches in the same way as a wolf strangles a sheep. The English Hop comes from the Anglo-Saxon hoppan, to climb. Khmeli-syneli is a very famous dry spicy mixture in Georgia and Armenia, it is also popular among other peoples of the Caucasus. It is prepared from individually dried and powdered herbs. Very fragrant in smell, quite spicy in taste. Used for cooking Georgian national dishes kharcho, satsivi, etc. Ingredients: basil, red hot pepper, dried vegetables (parsley, celery, dill), coriander, bay leaf, savory, fenugreek, hyssop, mint, marjoram. The Moscow State University building is the tallest of the seven Stalin skyscrapers, it was originally intended as a hotel and residential complex. There are 68 passenger elevators in the main building of Moscow State University. If you stretch the elevator shafts in one line, you get a tunnel about 4 kilometers long. The building of Moscow State University houses the world's largest clock, barometer and thermometer. They are installed on the towers of 18-storey buildings. The diameter of the watch dial is 9 meters, and the length of the minute hand is 4,13 meters. The high-rise building at the Red Gate is located on the highest point of the Garden Ring. Previously, this place was the house where M. Yu. Lermontov was born. The first skyscraper was built on Smolenskaya Square already in 1952, during the life of I.V. Stalin. Carved into the tops of the projecting wings is the date -1951, the year the building was mostly completed. From the side of the main facade, at a height of 114 meters, the coat of arms of the USSR was mounted from reinforced concrete. It covers an area of 144 sq. meters. Before constructing this high-rise, a settlement was created near Moscow for those who will build a high-rise building. The village was named Solntsevo. Now it is one of the districts of Moscow. The spiers that crown all seven Moscow skyscrapers were designed at the request of Stalin. And the awkward turrets that crown many of the houses built recently were designed at the request of Luzhkov. In Argentina, employees of institutions on the last day of the outgoing working year throw old calendars, unnecessary statements and forms out of windows. In the capital, by noon, the sidewalks and the roadway are thickly covered with a puffy layer of paper. One day, employees of one of the newspapers, who were outrageous, threw the entire archive out of the window. In Burma, everyone pours water on each other on New Year's Eve. If in Bulgaria someone sneezes at the New Year's table, everyone will be very happy. They say it brings good luck. Australian Santa Claus comes not on reindeer, but on windsurfing. Vietnamese people believe that God travels on a fish that looks like a carp. Therefore, on New Year's Eve, live carp are released into a river or lake. In Greece, guests take with them a large stone, which they throw at the threshold, saying the words: Let the wealth of the host be heavy, like this stone. The head of the Greek family smashes grenades against the wall at exactly midnight. If the grains scatter around the yard, the family will live happily in the new year. In Denmark, foresters have come up with a great way to save their forests from poachers who want to decorate their home with forest beauty. On New Year's Eve, they treat Christmas trees with a special compound. In the cold, the liquid has no smell. And indoors, the tree begins to emit a sharp, suffocating smell, punishing violators. In Scotland, on New Year's Eve, barrels of tar are set on fire and rolled through the streets, burning all the bad things that happened in the old year. In Norway, children are waiting for gifts from a goat. She is greeted with festive treats - dry ears of oats, which are put into children's shoes for the new year. The next morning, instead of ears of corn, the children find New Year's gifts in their boots and shoes. In Peru, it is believed that those who go around New Year's Eve around their quarter with a suitcase will be able to make a long-planned trip. Joulupukki - a Finnish forest man in ancient times went house to house on Christmas, treated obedient children and punished naughty ones. In the legends of the ancient Slavs, there was a so-called Zimnik. He, like Frost, was presented as an old man of small stature, with white hair and a long gray beard, with an uncovered head, in warm white clothes and with an iron mace in his hands. Where he passes - there expect a cruel cold. Among the Slavic deities, Karachun stood out for his ferocity - an evil spirit that shortens life. The ancient Slavs considered him an underground god who commanded frost. The real staff of Santa Claus should be crystal or silver under crystal. The handle is twisted, also silver-white. The staff is completed with a stylized image of the month or a bull's head. Real Santa Claus mittens should be three-fingered. The real Santa Claus wears silver or red, silver-embroidered boots with a raised toe. On a frosty day, Santa Claus puts on white felt boots embroidered with silver. The real Santa Claus has a long coat (up to the ankle or shin), always red, embroidered with silver (eight-pointed stars, crosses), trimmed with swan down.
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