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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
The dogwood is mentioned in the Odyssey, saying that the protagonist had a dogwood spear. And this is not surprising, since in those days dogwood was valued, first of all, for strong, dense wood, from which handles for swords, teeth of mill wheels, gears of various mechanisms were cut. In the Turkic languages, kizil means red. This is due to the color of the fruit. By the way, there are plants not only with desperately red fruits, but also with yellow ones. These are albinos. (cooking-book.ru/library/fruits/kisil.shtml) The Chinese have been cultivating apricot trees for their fragrant fruit for over 5 years; in Southern Europe, apricots have been cultivated for only 2 years. The word apricot has a long history: from the Portuguese albricoque, discarding the Arabic article al, we get the Latin ragosch, which means early ripening. However, the Romans themselves called the apricot an Armenian apple. This name is also preserved in the botany of Armeniaca vulgaris. At present, some experts express the opinion that Western countries learned about apricots thanks to Armenian merchants, while others consider Transcaucasia to be the birthplace of apricots. (cooking-book.ru/library/fruits/abrikos.shtml) As the history of mankind shows, you can eat almost everything in order to survive. Cacti are no exception. There are also poisonous representatives of the Cactus, but we will talk about edible ones. So, pitahaya Stenocereus thurberi and Stenocereus gumosus (synonyms: pitahaya, prickly pear, dragon fruit, indian fig, opuntia ficus-indica). Pitahaya is native to the Western Hemisphere. The first mention of it, as a fruit popular with the Aztecs, dates back to the 13th century. The sweet and sour fruits of pitahaya were known to the tribes of the Indians who lived in what is now California. Pitahaya was valued not only for its excellent taste, but also for the large number of fruits that could be easily harvested in a certain season called the pitahaya season. Eating the pulp, the Indians roasted the seeds, ground them and used them for stews. (cooking-book.ru/library/fruits/pitaya.shtml) Every country has its own New Year traditions. For example, the vine in many countries, including Spain and Portugal, is considered a symbol of abundance, health and family hearth. Therefore, according to custom, on New Year's Eve, with each stroke of the clock, they eat a grape (fresh or dried) and make wishes: twelve strokes - twelve cherished desires for each month of the new year. (cooking-book.ru/library/prasdniky/for_newyear.shtml) In Italy, at Christmas, they try to serve a goose, pastries with the addition of almonds, raisins and honey to the festive table. In Rome, it was customary to serve halva of roasted almonds in sugar and honey and a confection of raisins and nuts. Traditional Sicilian Christmas sweets are mustazzoli, wort pastry and fluffy pancakes made from batter. It is no coincidence that in the dishes served for dinner on Christmas Eve and at Christmas, honey and almonds are obligatory. According to the beliefs of the Italians, almonds, like other types of nuts, will contribute to the fertility of the land, increase the livestock of the herd and the well-being of the family. As on Christmas Eve, it is customary to serve a certain number of dishes for Christmas dinner. So, in Tuscany, Christmas dinner is called a nine-course dinner. (cooking-book.ru/library/prasdniky/table_christ.shtml) The whole world knows the @ symbol used in e-mail addresses, which in Russia is called a dog, in the Czech Republic - a herring, in Italy - a snail, and in Hebrew - a bun. (I have repeatedly written about the names of this symbol and its origin in the mailing list) According to Agence France-Presse, from now on, the French must use the symbol @ arrobe. Until now, the Spanish arobase and the vulgar English at have been in use. Initially, a special dog-nominating commission was going to allow the use of the Spanish term, which had become very widespread in France. But then they decided that polluting the French language with Spaniards also did not fit. The BBC immediately reported that the neologism did not appeal to ordinary Frenchmen, who intend to continue to use the English or Spanish term (arobase, according to the Larousse dictionary, comes from the old Spanish measure of weight aroba, which was denoted by the circled letter a). Bureaucrats can issue as many decrees as they want, but this word will not enter the dictionary until it is widely used, one of the experts from the Larousse publishing house quotes the BBC. Rockefeller - War on Dogs Boxing is a sports form of fist fighting, also called pugilism (literally fisticuffs) and prizefighting (literally fighting for a reward). Olympic sport since 1904. With the development of Christianity and the fall of the Roman Empire, fisticuffs as entertainment ceased to exist and were forgotten for several centuries. The first formal meeting was recorded in England in 1681. And since 1698, regular boxing competitions have been held at the Royal Theater in London. Although boxing was outlawed, it gained a lot of popularity. In 1719, the favorite of the public and the winner in many fights, James Figg was proclaimed the champion of England and held this title for 15 years. One of James's students, Jack Brownton, attempts to turn the fistfight that existed at that time into a sporting event. In 1743, Jack Brownton wrote the first set of sports rules and these rules, naturally with minor changes, were used until they were replaced by more improved ones in 1838 during the London Prize Ring rules. Klitschko Brothers Official Site - Boxing History For the first time, the guinea pig was described scientifically in the writings of Aldrovandus and his contemporary Gesner, who lived in the 30th century. According to their research, it turns out that the guinea pig was brought to Europe about 1580 years after the victory of Pizarro over the Indians, i.e. around XNUMX The guinea pig is called differently in different countries: In England - Indian little pig - a small Indian pig, restless cavy - restless (mobile) pig, Gvinea pig - Guinea pig, domestic cavy - domestic pig. In France, the guinea pig is called cochon d'Inde - Indian pig - or cobaye, in Spain it is Cochinillo das India - Indian pig, in Italy - porcella da India, or porchita da India - Indian pig, in Portugal - Porguinho da India - Indian pig, in Belgium - cochon des montagnes - mountain pig, in Holland - Indiaamsoh varken - Indian pig, in Germany - Meerschweinchen - guinea pig. The Indians call the pig a name that Europeans hear as cavy. The Spaniards living in America called this animal the Spanish name of the rabbit, while other colonists stubbornly continued to call it a small pig, this name was brought to Europe along with the animal. Before the arrival of Europeans in America, the pig served as food for the natives. All Spanish writers of that time refer to her as a little rabbit. The world of guinea pigs - THE APPEARANCE OF PIGS IN EUROPE Thousands of hedgehogs living in the Hebrides off the coast of Scotland will have to be destroyed to save rare bird species from extinction. This was announced today by the Scottish Office for the Conservation of Nature. The operation to exterminate hedgehogs will not begin until the end of April, when these animals come out of hibernation. The population of hedgehogs, brought to the Hebrides in 1974, currently reaches almost 5 thousand individuals. These predators eat the eggs of rare birds living on the islands, thereby exposing them to the threat of extinction, reports France Presse. Izvestia.Ru - News Feed A survey by the San Jose Mercury News showed that about one in three gifts Americans receive at Christmas, Hanukkah, Kwanzza (a holiday celebrated by African Americans), and New Year's Day are given to someone else. On average, a resident of the United States spends $887 on gifts for the New Year holidays, according to the Washington ProFile. The first references to the production of vodka are found in the Vyatka chronicle: ...in 1147, a distillery and a zemstvo hut were built in Khlynov (Vyatka). However, it is obvious that the home preparation of alcoholic beverages by distillation existed long before that, and they were then called kvass or created wine (that is, brewed, specially made). Officially, the term vodka began to be used closer to the XNUMXth century. It arose precisely in Moscow, where the first Tsar's tavern was created. Before that, vodka was called: Bread wine - the common name for vodka in the second half of the XNUMXth century. Boiled wine and overvar is one of the first terms associated with the production of vodka. They also drank vodka in Rus' in Russian, in cups, that is, about 150 grams at a time. Ten cups were equal to a foot. In the 1,23th century, the foot was replaced by a damask (30 liters). The modern half-litre came from the half-bottle. They sold vodka by weight, not by volume, as it is now, which ruled out falsification. The bucket of vodka must have weighed XNUMX pounds, the increase in weight indicated that water had been added!!! Of particular importance for the domestic distillery production are the scientific works of D. I. Mendeleev, who studied in detail the processes that occur when alcohol is mixed with water. The scientist drew attention to the fact that when water and alcohol are combined, the entire mixture is compressed. Mendeleev carried out mixing by weight, which is much more difficult and which gave more accurate results. It turned out that the ideal alcohol content in vodka should be recognized as 40., which cannot be obtained exactly by mixing volumes, but only by mixing exact weight ratios. The greatest compression of the mixture occurs during mutual dissolution in a weight ratio of 45,88% anhydrous alcohol with 54,12% water. This means that if there are three molecules of water for each molecule of alcohol, then the volume of the mixture becomes minimal, therefore, the specific gravity reaches a maximum. So, a liter of vodka at 40. should weigh exactly 953 grams. With a weight of 951 grams, the fortress will already be 41., and with a weight of 954 - 39.. In both of these cases, the physiological effect of such a mixture on the body worsens sharply, and, strictly speaking, both vodkas cannot be called Moscow vodka - the brand of which, Moskovskaya special, was patented by the Russian government in 1894. CHRONICLE. History of vodka According to the Ministry of Health, excessive alcohol consumption is the cause of 40% of diseases in Russia. Amateur, Latin, amateur, studying any subject without sufficient preparation, unfounded, shallow. About 350 million tons of rice are produced every year on Earth. More than half of the world's population consumes this cereal three times a day, and almost two-thirds of all rice produced is consumed within a radius of 500 meters from where it was grown. The popularity of rice on the planet depends on the region: the average consumption of rice in Asia per capita is 150 kg per year, and in Europe, for example, less than 2 kg per year. To get enough, it is enough for a European to cook 60-70 g of rice, while an Asian will need two to three times more. Rice as a crop Mr. Freeman collects old English railway stations, which are subject to demolition due to unprofitability. He dismantles them for his own money, and then takes them to the States. Among its rarities is the Victorian-era Grinstead station, which is mentioned in one of the stories about Sherlock Holmes. By the way, the creator of the image of a brilliant detective, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, was also an avid collector: he collected advertising booklets of transport offices, shipping companies and insurance agencies. His colleague in the detective genre, Georges Simenon, collected telephone books, it was from there that he chose the names for his heroes. And Jules Verne collected maps and guides - also, probably, thinking about the next children of Captain Grant. French President Edouard Herriot hunted for restaurant menus, and Yuri Gagarin was almost one of the first in our country to collect cacti. All types of collectibles have their own names. Sometimes they are somewhat reminiscent of medical terms for mental disorders. For example, the eerie word conchiophilia refers to an innocent passion for collecting shells. In the XNUMXth and XNUMXth centuries, conchiophilia became very fashionable among the aristocratic milieu; Among the famous conchiophiles were noted: the King of France Louis XIII, the King of Denmark Christian VI, the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, the Emperor of Russia Peter I and the Japanese Emperor Hirohito. The term lipophilia sounds no less creepy - this is a kind of collecting autographs, only instead of a stroke of a pen, an imprint of lips is used as an autograph. In another way, this type of collecting is called lipography - you must admit, it sounds somehow more pleasant. A well-known collector-lipograph of the early 200th century is a certain Baron M. from St. Petersburg. His collection consisted of about XNUMX lip prints of famous Russian people. To obtain an impression, a wax plate was used, on which the lips of a person gave a clear and precise pattern. Ytro.ru. Severe Diagnosis: Lipophilia The sun is the closest star to our planet, located 149,6 million km from the Earth (this value is usually called an astronomical unit). The sun is the source of all life on Earth. This star generously endows us with its energy: it is estimated that every second in the depths of our daylight, 564 million tons of hydrogen turn into 560 million tons of helium, and the remaining 4 million tons of hydrogen turn into radiation. The total amount of energy radiated by the Sun is 3,86 * 1026 W, i.e. 6,5 kW from each square centimeter of its surface! Only one two-billionth of this energy is received by the Earth. Such thermonuclear reactions will continue until the supply of hydrogen runs out. Such a reserve should be sufficient for at least several tens of billions of years. Consequently, humanity is provided with solar heat and light for a long time. The Sun is located in the plane of the Galaxy and is removed from its center by 8 kpc and from the plane of the Galaxy by about 25 pc. In the region of the Galaxy where our Sun is located, the stellar density is 0,12 stars per pc3. Winter - the most hungry severe time - bears have adapted to spend in a den. True, they do not have a real hibernation, in which animals fall into suspended animation, but a light sleep. When a bear lies motionless in a den, its cardio-pulmonary activity decreases: body temperature fluctuates between 29 and 34 degrees; after 5-10 breaths there is a pause, which sometimes lasts up to 4 minutes. In this state, the body of the animal very economically consumes the stock of fat accumulated on abundant autumn feed. The duration of the winter sleep of brown bears depends on the geographic location of the area: in the northern regions, the animals lie down at the end of October and leave their dens only in the second half of April, or even in early May; in the Caucasus, in some years they are active throughout the winter. Ring - a square boxing area with a side of 5 - 6 meters, which is limited on all sides by 3 - 4 elastic ropes. The ropes have a thickness of 2,5 - 3 cm, they are stretched with metal stretch marks on 4 poles. Metal stretch marks are covered with pillows. The snow leopard has another common name - the irbis. It has been rooted for a long time. Back in the XNUMXth century, Russian merchants, fur traders, adopted this name from local Asian hunters, many of whom spoke the Turkic dialect. This word was pronounced by them as an irbiz, which meant a snow cat. The snow leopard occupies an intermediate position between large and small cats in a number of ways. The pattern on the head, the manner of holding the tail when the animal is calm, and a number of other anatomical features are related to the big cats of the leopard. But the leopard, like other small cats, can purr; the posture that an animal adopts when eating. Given this similarity with both cats, leopards are sometimes called medium cats. But in terms of their dimensions, they are in no way inferior to a leopard, a typical representative of large ones. Adult males weigh between 65 and 75 kg. The body length is up to 2,1 m. The tail (3/7 of the total length) is thick, covered with thick hair, which is why it seems that the leopard's tail is thicker than that of leopards. The snow leopard is found in the mountains of Central Asia: from the Pamirs, Tien Shan, Altai to the Indian states of Kashmir and Sikkim and Southeast Tibet, he usually spends time at an altitude of 2000-3000 meters. In warm weather it climbs even under the roof of the world - at 6000 meters. It lives both in dense thickets of shrubs (rhododendron), and on mountain plains, where there is almost no vegetation. As a dwelling, he chooses crevices of rocks and caves, where he breeds offspring. The first known mention of tea dates back to 770 BC. e., when a certain Chinese Zhou-Gong wrote in his book about tea as a drink. Later in the 2nd - 4th centuries AD. e. in China, the fashion for tea drinking begins to spread, tea shops appear. Further, tea begins to be valued as a medicinal drink, which must be prepared using boiling water (previously cold spring water was used). Soon tea is already drunk in Japan, Korea, India, Turkey, Mongolia. In 1516, the Portuguese begin to trade with China, importing it to their homeland. Soon, merchants from many countries began to trade with China, and in 1618 the Russian Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was presented with several boxes of excellent tea by Chinese ambassadors, which he liked. By the end of the seventeenth century, tea had spread throughout Europe, and at the beginning of the eighteenth century it reached America. In 1817, the first tea bush was planted in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden in Crimea, and in 1833, the first tea plantations appeared in Georgia. All this time, England has been intensively trading with China, selling it opium and buying tea. In 1857, tea plantations in Ceylon give their first harvest. At the beginning of the twentieth century in Russia, in the Krasnodar Territory, near the city of Sochi, tea plantations appeared. Made in Israel by IMI, the Desert Eagle sporting target pistol was developed in the USA and was one of the first self-loading pistols to also be loaded with powerful revolver cartridges such as .357 Magnum, .41 and .50AE. The use of powerful cartridges is due to the fact that the Desert Eagle is made of high quality steel, although there are models with an aluminum frame. The automation of this powerful weapon works on the principle of removing powder gases and has a rotating bolt, more typical for rifles. Desert Eagle can be equipped with various types of sights. The trigger guard allows you to fire with both hands. If anyone tells you that English is the official language of the United States, know that you are being misled. In fact, English is not the official language of the United States, and, to be completely frank, they do not have a state language at all. The fact is that the legal status of English as a state language is not fixed by any document. English is indeed the dominant language in this country as it is spoken by the vast majority of the population. But there is still no law that would recognize English as the official language of the United States.
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