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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
A nuclear power plant that supplies energy to a large European city with a population of five million people covers an area of 0,2 km2. If the city is supplied with energy from a hydroelectric power station, the required catchment area will be 364,5 km2, if from the wind - a wind power plant of the required capacity will take 454 km2, from the Sun - solar panels will take 91 km2. According to a study conducted in China, the bone of the skull in women is 0,6 millimeters thicker than in men (7,1 versus 6,5 millimeters). In 1980, a resident of Western Europe used an average of 40 kilograms of plastics per year, now - more than a hundred kilograms. Opponents of large-scale replacement of gasoline in cars with plant-derived ethyl alcohol point out that energy plants will have to occupy large areas of land suitable for growing food for humans. However, they forget that just a hundred years ago, vast areas were occupied by the production of food for draft animals. Only in France, 5 million hectares served to feed horses, donkeys, mules, oxen, but there was no famine in the country. The length of the adhesive seams in an average modern car is 150 meters, the joints take about 40 kilograms of adhesives. A third of the world's helium reserves are located in Texas. According to the US Geological Survey, at current consumption rates, Texas helium will run out in 9 years. The American company Bit-Micro starts producing 1,6 terabyte flash memory devices. True, such a flash drive will cost about 10 thousand dollars and will find application so far only in military and space technology. As a Franco-American group of physiologists found, even when we carefully follow an object with our eyes, our attention wanders about seven times per second. By the end of this century, average temperatures in France will increase by 1,5-6 degrees Celsius. For two-thirds of its history, man lived only in Africa. As researchers at the University of Rajasthan in India have shown, three months of yoga for an hour a day (except weekends) can reduce the frequency and intensity of migraine attacks by 70%. Every year, up to 4,5 million square kilometers of vegetation cover burns out in the world. 99% of all these fires are caused by humans - to free up land for crops, burn stubble, scare game or fertilize the soil with ash. There are 31 species of sharks in the Baltic Sea, mostly small ones. However, in the region of the Danish straits, you can also meet a giant shark up to 10 meters long, feeding on plankton. An analysis of the operation of 19 wind farms in different countries, conducted by the International Energy Agency, showed that due to the variability of the wind, in some cases it is necessary to keep another of the same capacity near the wind farm - thermal, nuclear or hydroelectric. However, if the country has a unified energy system, such a large reserve is not required. In 2007, Chinese solar panel production tripled, making China the world's number one producer and capturing 35% of the world's solar panel market. Due to the melting of the Arctic ice, the area and thickness of the ice cover of the Arctic Ocean are decreasing. As a result, it becomes lighter under water, algae multiply. The consequences for ecosystems are unpredictable. According to German dentists, the annual loss due to dental disease in the world is 442 billion dollars. Of these, 298 billion fall on the treatment of caries, periodontitis and prosthetics, and the rest of the costs - to pay for missed work days. Off the coast of Colombia (the place is kept secret), a Spanish ship sunk in 1708 was found, which was carrying 200 tons of gold, silver and emeralds to King Philip V. It is estimated that the value of the cargo is more than a billion euros. More than 20% of the world's diamond production (40 billion carats) comes from Russia. The rest is exported from Botswana (32 billion carats), Australia (30,6 billion carats), Congo, Central African Republic, South Africa, Canada and Angola. That is, where diamonds are mined, the standard of living is usually low. The number of charging stations for electric vehicles in Japan exceeded the number of conventional gas stations: 40 versus 34. True, these statistics take into account not only public, but also private stations located in the garages of electric vehicle owners. It costs about $19 billion to develop and launch a new computer chip for servers. Creation of a new airliner - 6 billion. Moreover, the microcircuit becomes obsolete on average in three years, and the aircraft, with normal supervision and care, lasts for decades. Recent measurements with the WISE Infrared Space Telescope have shown that the diameter of Saturn's outer ring is about 33 million kilometers, 270 times the radius of the planet itself. According to one of the major Finnish hospitals, 73% of cases of appendicitis can be cured without surgery - with antibiotics. Aspirin is able to temporarily stop the action of about 60 genes in the human body. This was shown by doctors from Duke University (USA). Chinese meteorologists note that the frequency of heavy hail, floods, typhoons and other catastrophic natural phenomena in China from 1961 to 2010 has doubled on average. This is attributed to global warming and severe air pollution in China. British researchers counted the number of songbirds around the homes of 270 of their fellow citizens and found that where there are more birds, depression, stress and bad mood are less common. After talking on the phone while driving, the driver of the car fully restores his vigilance only after 27 seconds. American chemists propose making printing ink from city air. It is usually so contaminated with microparticles of soot from car exhausts that by filtering the soot and mixing it with alcohol and olive oil, paint can be obtained. According to Mexican botanists, 31% of cactus species may soon become extinct. Their situation is worse than that of mammals (25% of endangered species) or birds (13%). Now dry regions make up about 40% of the land surface. Global warming, according to the calculations of Chinese climatologists, will lead to the fact that by the end of the century, drought will cover up to 56% of the land. Despite the widespread use of e-mail in France, the number of letters delivered by French mail increased by 2000% in 4 compared to the previous year. This growth is partly due to the fact that subscribers of the Internet and cellular telephone networks receive bills by mail. There are 20 cinemas in the world with high-quality Dolby sound equipment. The average waiting time for the execution of a death sentence in an American prison is 10,6 years. During this time, as a result of appeals and revisions of cases, serious errors of the investigation and the court are found in 68% of cases. And yet, during the 23th century, at least XNUMX people were executed by mistake in the United States. According to meteorologists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (USA), the severity of winter in Western Europe and the eastern United States depends on how much snow falls in Siberia in late autumn. A. Kasumov from the University of Paris-Sud (France) discovered that the DNA molecule becomes superconducting if strongly cooled electrodes are attached to its ends. The discovery could be useful for creating parts for quantum computers. A microfan with a diameter of less than a millimeter has been created. If a high-voltage alternating current with a frequency of 2 kilohertz is applied to it, the fan blades, under the influence of electrostatic forces, begin to rotate at a speed of 50-180 revolutions per minute. Such fans can be located directly on the chip, cooling its components during operation. About 70 lightning bolts strike the Earth every second. In 1965, 42% of American adults smoked, now it is 28%, which is about 47 million people. Italian engineers have created an electronic tongue for tasting cheese used to make pizza. Six coelacanths were caught off the coast of South Africa. These fish, long considered extinct, were first found alive off the Comoros in 1938, off the coast of Indonesia in 1998, and now off the southern tip of Africa. A survey conducted in France on the attitude of citizens to the financing of science showed that first of all, taxpayers agree to give money for research in the field of medicine, secondly - for environmental research, and thirdly - for the search for new energy sources. Strasbourg is France's most cycling city, with 319 kilometers of cycle paths and 3500 parking lots for two-wheelers. More than 500 laser surgeries are performed annually in the United States to correct myopia. According to the World Health Organization, there are now about 150 million diabetics in the world, and by 2025 their number will double. French and Swiss astronomers have discovered the most distant galaxy. The galaxy, registered as Abell 1835 IR 1916 and located in the constellation Virgo, is 13,23 million light-years away. Now we see it as it was 470 million years after the big bang. In 2001-2002, 45 volcanoes were active on the Earth. Together they released about 5,30.1016 joules of heat into the atmosphere. This is three times less than the energy consumed in a year by industry, transport and utilities in the United States. Read the genome of the gray rat. It contained 2,75 billion base pairs of DNA, slightly more than a mouse (2,6 billion) but slightly less than a human (2,9 billion). According to the World Health Organization, 300 new cases of tuberculosis are diagnosed in the world every year, and two million people die from it. France accumulates 2,9 million tons of plastic waste every year. Newborns of those mothers who had x-rays of their teeth during pregnancy weigh less than average. This was discovered at the University of Washington in Seattle (USA). Apparently, the fact is that the thyroid gland, whose hormone regulates metabolism, growth and other functions, is also exposed to some extent.
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