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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
When you fry meat or potatoes, about 15 trillion ultra-fine fumes particles less than 0,1 micrometer in size are released into the kitchen air in XNUMX minutes. Conventional kitchen filters installed above the stove cannot trap such particles. Meanwhile, they are harmful to health, as they penetrate deep into the lungs. The human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS has now been found in 75 New Yorkers, or about 1% of the city's residents. In some areas of the city, the infection rate reaches 2,8%. Influenza may be responsible for about 14% of schizophrenia cases. People born to mothers who had the flu in the first three months of pregnancy develop schizophrenia 7 times more often than its average prevalence. Alan Brown, of Columbia University in New York, who discovered this, recommends vaccinating expectant mothers against the flu. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, in which two US skyscrapers were destroyed, increased the number of deaths in road accidents in the last three months of the year. Fearing new cases of aircraft hijacking by terrorists, Americans began to travel long distances by car more often, which is why in October-December 2001 the number of victims turned out to be 353 more than in the same months from 1996 to 2000. In fact, the plane remains a much less dangerous means of transportation than the car. Scientists from Johns Hopkins University (USA) have synthesized a drug, one injection of which relieves a heroin addict from the pain associated with drug deprivation for six weeks. More than 75 math enthusiasts around the world, having connected their computers via the Internet, have found the largest prime number (the so-called numbers divisible only by one and itself). This international project was started in 1996. The new prime number has 7 digits. English physiologists recommend quitting smoking to go for a run. At least half an hour of running a day - and the likelihood that you will give up cigarettes increases by 55%, and the probability of returning to them decreases by 43%. Australian zoologists have calculated that the chances of finding a surviving marsupial wolf (the latter died in a zoo in 1936) are about 1 in 1,6 trillion. Nevertheless, an expedition is being prepared to a remote corner of the continent, where this species, destroyed by man, seems to have been met thirty years ago. After analyzing breath samples from 1404 patients with different diagnoses, Israeli doctors and electronics engineers created a device that identifies 17 diseases by the smell of exhaled air. The accuracy of determination is on average 86%, but some diseases are correctly detected in 100% of cases. In 2004, the ozone hole over Antarctica shrank by 20%. In 2003, it covered 28 million square kilometers, almost three times the size of Europe. After examining 823 patients with depression, doctors at a psychiatric clinic in Essen, Germany, found that believers had, on average, more severe symptoms of depression than atheists. More than two-thirds of Chinese people are saving money to buy a car, according to a recent survey in China. Car sales in China are growing by 30% annually. Now there are 22 million cars in China. And if the dream of everyone saving up money for a car comes true, there will be 900 million cars. The average German worker fell ill for 2003 days in 13,5. The reasons for receiving the bulletin are mainly diseases of the musculoskeletal system, respiratory tract, trauma and poisoning. The Japanese firm NEC has developed a battery that charges in 30 seconds. According to the firm, it is based on organic radicals. The capacity is not less than that of batteries of known systems. The new battery may go on sale in 2-3 years and will be used in portable computers and cell phones. Japanese geneticists transplanted a maize gene into potatoes, which enhances the plant's ability to absorb nitrogen from the soil. The experiments have not yet gone beyond the laboratory. v Employees of the Institute for Solar Energy Systems (Freiburg, Germany) have developed a method for the production of low-cost silicon polycrystalline solar cells with an efficiency of more than 20%. The technological secret is in the selection of a special temperature regime in the production process. Austrian archaeologists have found the burial places of 70 Roman gladiators near Ephesus in Turkey. According to the chemical composition of the bones, it was possible to establish that the gladiators were mainly vegetarians - they ate barley porridge, oatmeal, beans and dried fruits. The Earth's magnetic field is about 10% weaker now than it was in 1845, when Carl Friedrich Gauss first started measuring it. On average, once every 200 thousand years, it disappears and then reappears, but in an inverted form: the south magnetic pole is where the north was. The last such case was about 780 thousand years ago. On the hands (as well as on the legs, ears, necks and noses) the population of India now has about 14 thousand tons of gold, and every year the people of this not the richest country buy another 600 tons. India itself produces only 9 tons per year, the rest of the gold is imported. The Government of Canada has allocated $5 million to study the DNA of 10 of Canada's most important species of mammals, birds, fish and agricultural pests to humans. In the United States, it was decided to demolish the Hanford nuclear weapons plant, built about 60 years ago as part of the Manhattan Project. Over the years, the plant's nine reactors have produced 67 tons of weapons-grade plutonium and 190 million liters of liquid radioactive waste, now stored in 177 gradually rusting underground tanks. By 2035, the demolition should be completed and the waste moved to a more secure storage facility under construction in the mountains of Nevada. Swedish seismologists have discovered a new sign that portends an imminent earthquake. In deep waters, a few weeks before tremors, the concentration of zinc and copper increases, sometimes by 10 times. After an earthquake, it drops to normal. An international group of paleobotanists found the remains of tree-like ferns 20-40 m high in Antarctica. Their forests, which covered the continent about 280 million years ago, disappeared about 250 million years ago after the Earth's climate changed. One flu patient infects 2-3 people who have been in contact with him; for rubella and poliomyelitis, this figure is 5-6 people, but measles is considered the most contagious disease: 12-18 infected from one patient. According to estimates by French neurophysiologists, 80% of our brain is occupied with unconscious activity, 10% with general consciousness (evaluating and processing information coming from outside, as well as responding to it), and another 10% with processing information about the state and functioning of the brain itself, that is, awareness of the brain itself. myself. In 2013, biologists described about 18 thousand new species of animals, plants and fungi. 11% of the world's fresh water is used to make paper. The sensitivity of the seal's whiskers allows it to follow the trail of turbulence in the water to notice a fish swimming 180 meters from it. The amount of plastic waste on the bottom of the Arctic Ocean between Greenland and Svalbard, at a depth of 2500 meters, has increased from 10 to 3635 units per square kilometer over the past 7710 years. Basically it is a different package. In the venom of the black mamba, French researchers found proteins called mambalgins. They relieve pain better than morphine. Testing is still underway on animals. Over the past 30 years in Western Europe, mortality from cardiovascular diseases has halved. This was mainly due to the massive cessation of smoking. According to botanists, there are about 400 plant species on Earth. Of these, approximately 300 parts are edible for humans, but we eat only about 200 species. And we get half of all plant proteins and calories from only three plants - corn, rice and wheat. American astronomers have discovered a rarefied galaxy, not inferior in size to ours, but containing a hundred times fewer stars. The death rate of women during childbirth in the world fell from 1990 to 2015 by 44%. Testing new drugs on animals in 80-90% of cases does not guarantee the safety of these drugs for humans. The total mass of microbes frozen in the composition of the ice cover of the circumpolar regions of the Earth and in the permafrost is estimated to be 1000 times the total mass of mankind. However, among them there are very few disease-causing ones, so that global warming and melting ice is unlikely to cause epidemics. The well-known copier company Xerox has developed a new process for obtaining paper for printers. Whereas conventional papermaking uses only 45% of felled wood material, new paper uses 90%. In addition, the new paper is 10% lighter than regular paper. In France, Ireland, Mexico and some Indian states, plastic bags are banned as unsustainable. But reusable cotton shopping bags are also not ideal from an environmental point of view. It is estimated that 300-500 people are poisoned by pesticides every year on cotton plantations in the world, and about 20 poisoned people die. In addition, it takes 8000 liters of water to produce a kilogram of cotton. Belgian astrophysicist Dimitri Pourbe, based on data from the Hipparchus astronomical satellite, calculated that the nearest star to us, Proxima Centauri, is 300 billion kilometers farther than previously thought. Canadian zoologists have observed a playing octopus for the first time. He caught an empty bottle floating in the water with his tentacles, let it go, letting it float a little with the flow, caught it again and released it again. As the American mathematician Bernard Yallop calculated, for every 400 years (this is 20871 weeks) of the Gregorian calendar, which we also use, there are 688 particularly unlucky days - Fridays the 13th and only 684 completely neutral Thursdays the 13th. Another curious pattern: the month and week in our calendar, it would seem, should equally often begin with any of the seven days of the week. But most often they start on Sunday. In the world, four companies produce artificial lenses for the treatment of cataracts in cats and dogs - two American, one French and one Japanese. Italian linguist Guglielmo Cinque from the University of Venice found a common skeleton in the structure of 500 languages and dialects of the world. These are the features of grammar and phrase construction that are characteristic of all the peoples of the Earth and are only slightly masked by linguistic differences. Ultra-low doses of arsenic cure some forms of leukemia. The discovery was made in China and tested in the USA. From April 1998 to April 1999, Costa Rica exported $350 million worth of coffee, $600 million worth of bananas, and $700 million worth of microprocessors. Moreover, production at the new Intel plant has just begun, while only one of the four production lines is operating. Here is the banana republic! Magnetic exploration made it possible to find in the estuary at the mouth of the Nile a city of the era of Ramses II, buried under silt and other deposits. The remains of temples, shops, barnyards are visible. As a result of the melting of the Greenland ice, the balance of the globe was disturbed, and the North Pole began to shift towards Greenland at a speed of 27 centimeters per year. 250 billion cubic meters of water have been found under the Turkana Desert in Kenya. But the suitability of this water for drinking still needs to be tested. The teeth of the diplodocus, a herbivorous lizard, were replaced with new ones every month, as they quickly wore down on the tough vegetation of that era. In the west of England, footprints of five people were found walking along a sandy beach 850-950 thousand years ago. These are the oldest human footprints outside of Africa. The rhinoceros has the thinnest milk: only 0,2% fat. The fattest is in the female hooded seal: 61%, which is much higher than the fat content of cream or sour cream.
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