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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Instruction on labor protection for an employee associated with liquid and solid radioactive waste in areas contaminated with radionuclides
Occupational Safety and Health / Standard instructions for labor protection Safe Operation Introduction The Instruction describes methodological approaches and solutions for handling radioactive waste generated during the activities of fuel and energy enterprises in radioactively contaminated areas, including the decontamination of premises, equipment, technical equipment, personal protective equipment and overalls contaminated with artificial radionuclides at enterprises and organizations, in as a result of various radiation accidents and the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The instruction was developed on the basis of federal regulatory and technical documents and departmental documents of the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation and finalized in accordance with the requirements of the "Radiation Safety Standards NRB-96". The instruction was approved by the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia (ref. No. 01-6/1530-11 dated December 09.12.94, 17) and the Gosatomnadzor of Russia (ref. No. 10-282/30.11.94 dated November XNUMX, XNUMX). This Instruction is a guiding document of the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of Russia, taking into account the requirements of which specific instructions should be developed for handling radioactive waste in areas contaminated with artificial radionuclides in industries and at facilities of the Russian fuel and energy complex. General provisions In accordance with the federal "Radiation Safety Standards NRB-96", radioactive waste is a substance not subject to further use in any state of aggregation:
Radioactive waste is divided into liquid, solid and gaseous. Liquid radioactive waste includes solutions of inorganic substances, organic liquids (oils, solvents, etc.), pulps of filter materials. Solid radioactive waste includes products, parts of machines and mechanisms, materials, biological objects, spent radionuclide sources. Gaseous radioactive waste includes radioactive inert gases of fragmentation and induced origin (xenon, krypton and argon isotopes) generated during the operation of nuclear power plants (nuclear reactors of various types). There are no gaseous wastes in the practice of handling radioactive waste on REM at fuel and energy facilities. Collection, accounting, storage and disposal of radioactive waste is carried out in order to:
1. Liquid radioactive waste 1.1. Liquid radioactive waste (LRW) in a radioactively contaminated area (REM) is used decontamination solutions after special treatment of equipment, transport, premises, overalls, personal protective equipment, etc. 1.2. Solutions after special processing of equipment, transport, overalls, personal protective equipment, etc. collected in receiving pits to prevent their direct entry into open water bodies. After filling the receiving pits, the used solutions are drained into another receiving pit, and the previous one, after appropriate radiation control by the territorial bodies of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision (GSEN) of the Ministry of Health of Russia, is left for self-filtration and then covered with earth or they are subject to requirements as radioactive waste. In this case, LRW is approved according to the methodology agreed with the SSES bodies and transferred for disposal to special regional plants of NPO Radon. 1.3. The solutions used after decontamination of the premises are collected in marked metal or polyethylene (plastic) containers specially designed for this purpose, closed with lids, and then poured into a receiving pit. Upon filling, the pit is covered with earth with a layer of at least 0,4 m. The filled pit is applied to the diagram (plan), fenced off on the ground using radiation hazard signs and indicating the exposure dose rate of gamma radiation at a height of 1 m from the edge of the pit. 1.4. If necessary, based on the results of radiation monitoring, the territorial body of the SSES of the Ministry of Health of Russia may establish a different procedure for handling used decontamination solutions. 1.5. Transportation of LRW from the area of decontamination works is prohibited. 2. Solid radioactive waste 2.1. Solid radioactive waste is various solid materials, products and objects, machines and mechanisms, tools approved by the LRW, as well as bulk and biological materials with specific activity exceeding the values established in the "Sanitary rules for radioactive waste management SPORO-85": 7,4, 104 x 2 Bq/kg (10 x 6-7,4 Ci/kg) for beta-active, 103 x 2 Bq/kg (10 x 7-3,7 Ci/kg) for alpha-active nuclides, 103 x 1 Bq/kg (10 x 7-XNUMX Ci/kg) for gamma radiation sources. 2.2. Solid radioactive waste (SRW) also includes products, objects and materials with surface contamination levels after three decontamination cycles above the established standards. Under the conditions of a specific radiation accident, for a certain period, the bodies of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Ministry of Health of Russia establish temporary permissible levels of radioactive contamination. In table. As an example, Table 1 shows the temporary standards for radioactive contamination (VNRZ-90) that were in force at the recovery stage of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Table 1 (reference). Temporary standards for contamination of surfaces of various objects and the skin of workers, established at the recovery stage of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (VNRZ-90)
* Non-fixed (removable) contamination of the inner surface of vehicles intended for the transport of food products, linen and overalls is not allowed. Fixed (non-removable) radioactive contamination should not exceed 200 beta particles / (min. sq. cm). For other surfaces indicated in Table. 1, removable and non-removable pollution is normalized. 2.3. If such standards are not established or their validity has expired, then the permissible levels of radioactive contamination of surfaces should be the same as indicated in Table. 2 (NRB-76/87, Table 8.14). Table 2 (mandatory) until 31.12.99/XNUMX/XNUMX. Permissible levels of surface contamination for category B personnel, particles / (min. sq. cm.)
* For the surface of working premises and equipment contaminated with alpha - active nuclides, removable (non-fixed) pollution is normalized; for other surfaces - total (removable and non-removable) pollution. ** Separate radionuclides include alpha - active nuclides, the permissible concentration of which in the air of the working rooms of the DKA is < 1 x 10-14 Ci / l (< 0,37 Bq / mXNUMX). *** For strontium-90 + yttrium-90, the permissible contamination is set to 5 times less. 2.4. From January 1, 2000, new standards for permissible levels of total radioactive contamination for group B personnel are introduced, given in Table. 3 (NRB-96, Table 10.3). Table 3 (mandatory) until 01.01.2000. Permissible levels of radioactive contamination of work surfaces, overalls and personal protective equipment, particles / (min. sq. cm) (for group B personnel)
3. Separation of radioactive waste into groups according to specific activity 3.1. According to specific activity, solid radioactive waste is divided into groups, as indicated in Table. 4 ("Sanitary rules for radioactive waste management SPORO-85"). Table 4. Separation of solid radioactive waste into groups according to their specific activity
3.2. Solid radioactive waste can also be divided into groups according to the exposure dose rate measured at a distance of 0,1 m from their surface, if it is known that there are no alpha-emitting nuclides in SRW. At the same time, SRW is divided into the following three groups:
4. Collection and preparation of solid radioactive waste for disposal Solid radioactive waste must be detected at all technological cycles of the enterprise, primarily at radiation control points and in places of special processing. 4.1. TRs include: 4.1.1. All technical products, parts of machines and mechanisms contaminated with radionuclides above the established levels (see clause 2.1 of this Instruction), as well as surface contamination above the permissible levels indicated in Table. 1 - 3, after three cycles of decontamination. 4.1.2. Overalls, protective equipment, footwear, etc., which have undergone partial decontamination and are contaminated above the permissible levels established by VNRZ, NRB-76/87 or NRB-96. 4.1.3. Materials (polyethylene film, rags, paper, etc.), biological objects, fruits, mushrooms, berries, fish, etc., contaminated with radionuclides above the levels temporarily established by the SSES of the Ministry of Health of Russia. 4.2. Collection and transfer for disposal or temporary storage of solid radioactive waste is carried out directly at the places of their formation separately from ordinary garbage under radiometric control. 4.3. When radiometric testing of technical products (materials, tools, personal protective equipment, overalls, etc.) reveals contamination above acceptable levels, they are sent for decontamination, after which the issue of further use or classification as SRW is decided. To collect SRW, special standard containers, machines, polyethylene or kraft bags are used. 4.4. Large-size SRW is preliminarily pressed or divided (cut) into parts. Small-sized waste is placed in an appropriate collection and compacted. After that, the collection is closed (tied up) and sent to the site or to the storage for temporary storage. 4.5. Containers for solid radioactive waste must have a radiation hazard sign in accordance with GOST 17925-72 and the inscription "Caution! Radioactivity!" on all sides, be closed with a lid and locked. Containers must be adapted for mechanized loading. Their number, size and design are determined by the type and amount of radioactive waste generated at the facility. 4.6. The internal surfaces of reusable containers must be smoothly mating, smooth, made of a low absorbent material that can be decontaminated by acids, alkalis and special solutions, steam treatment, and have mechanical strength. 4.7. The dose rate of radiation at a distance of 1 m from the container-collector with radioactive waste should not exceed 0,1 mGy/h (10 mrem/h). 4.8. For temporary storage of solid radioactive waste outside the containers, collectors should be equipped and places reserved from the effects of precipitation and wind, marked with radiation hazard signs and preventing unauthorized persons from accessing them. 4.9. The location of the collections, if necessary, is provided with appropriate devices (screens) to reduce radiation beyond its limits to an acceptable level (see Standard Instructions for Radiation Protection of Personnel. Ministry of Fuel and Energy of Russia, 1997. - 13 p.). 4.10. On the container (collection) indicate the dose rate of gamma radiation at a distance of 1 m from it, the time and date of measurement. With each loading of the container, measurements and correction of the dose rate readings and its registration in the radiation monitoring log are carried out. The frequency of control is established taking into account local conditions in agreement with the regional body of the SSES. 4.11. Transportation of the collector on the territory of the site to the places of temporary storage of radioactive waste is carried out on specially equipped vehicles, trolleys or manually by specialists of the Radiation Safety Service (RSS). 4.12. Transportation of radioactive waste to the disposal sites should be carried out on specially equipped vehicles. The use of these vehicles for the transportation of non-radioactive cargo is prohibited. 4.13. Burial of solid radioactive waste is allowed to be carried out in specially designated areas in the area most contaminated with radionuclides in agreement with the regional bodies of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of the Ministry of Health of Russia and the State Committee for Ecology of Russia or under an agreement with regional radioactive waste disposal facilities of NPO Radon. It is prohibited to transfer non-radioactive waste for disposal at these points. 4.14. Burial of radioactive waste outside centralized disposal sites is prohibited. 4.15. Large-sized solid waste, prior to being sent for disposal, is subject to pressing or cutting in a specially designated place in the dirtiest zone by specialists involved for this under the supervision of the SRB. 5. Accounting, control over the collection, storage and disposal of solid radioactive waste 5.1. For systematic control over the collection, temporary storage and preparation for disposal for disposal of radioactive waste generated in the course of work, responsible persons are appointed by order of the enterprise, who enter the information received into the log book of radioactive waste (Appendix 1). 5.2. The responsible person for filling the next container draws up a passport for radioactive waste (Appendix 2). 5.3. The collection of solid radioactive waste is carried out by specialists of the radiation safety service of the enterprise or responsible persons appointed by order of the enterprise. 5.4. SRW is buried under contracts at the regional radioactive waste disposal sites of NPO Radon. 5.5. In case of violation of the requirements for the preparation of radioactive waste for disposal for disposal, the person who does not accept the waste draws up an act in the presence of the person who delivers the waste (Appendix 3). 6. On the basis of this Standard Instruction, the enterprise develops an instruction for the collection, temporary storage and disposal of radioactive waste, which should contain sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 of this Instruction and section 6, which includes the following issues in accordance with the requirements of the "Basic Sanitary OSP-72/87 rules":
Annex 1. Solid radioactive waste accounting log
Appendix 2. Passport ______ for a batch of waste to be deposited _____________________________________ (Business name) _____________________________________ "___" __________ ____ G.
Responsible for the delivery of radioactive waste ___________________ (full name) ___________________ (signature) Responsible for receiving radioactive waste ___________________ (full name) ___________________ (signature) Notes. 1. Information in the passport is entered separately for each package with radioactive waste. 2. In case of refusal to accept radioactive waste for disposal, a special act is drawn up indicating the reasons for the refusal (Appendix 3). 3. When burying sources in closed form, in column 2 indicate the name and number of the source, the number and date of issue of the passport. Annex 3. Act on violation of the requirements for the preparation of radioactive waste for delivery "___" ___________ ______ G. By me, the representative of ___________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (name of the special plant or PZRO) __________________________________________________________________ (Full Name) in the presence of the person responsible for the delivery of radioactive waste, __________________________________________________________________ (Full Name) __________________________________________________________________ (Name of institution) drawn up by this Act that the radioactive waste presented for loading onto special vehicles cannot be accepted for the following reasons: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Representative of the UK or RWRO _____________________________ (signature) Responsible for the delivery of radioactive waste __________________________________ (signature)
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