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Dust storms. Travel Tips
Dust storms - although a meteorological phenomenon, it is associated with the state of the soil cover and with the terrain. They are akin to blizzards: for the occurrence of both of them, a strong wind and sufficiently dry material on the surface of the earth are needed, capable of rising into the air and staying there in suspension for a long time. But if for the appearance of blizzards you need dry, non-packed, snow-free snow lying on the surface and a wind speed of 7-10 m / s or more, then for the occurrence of dust storms it is necessary that the soil be loose, dry, devoid of grass or any significant snow cover and wind speed was not less than 15 m/s. Dust storms are observed most often in early spring, in March or April, after a dry autumn and a winter with little snow. They happen, although less often, in winter - in January or February, and very rarely - in other months of the year. The most typical synoptic setting for dust storms is the southern or southwestern periphery of a stable low-moving anticyclone, which causes dry weather with strong easterly or southeasterly winds. Depending on the structure and color of the soils blown by the wind, there are black storms (on chernozems) characteristic of the southern and southeastern regions of the European part of the USSR, Bashkiria, Orenburg region; brown or yellow storms (on loams and sandy loams) characteristic of Central Asia; red storms (on red-colored soils stained with iron oxides), desert areas of Iran and Afghanistan); white storms (on salt marshes), characteristic of some regions of Turkmenistan, the Volga region, Kalmykia. Windblown dust can settle and accumulate in areas where the wind is weaker. In the south-west of Ukraine, in the middle reaches of the Don, between the rivers Khoprom and Medveditsa, there are places with dust deposits several meters or more thick. In snowless winters in the southeastern regions of the country, which are characterized by loose and dry soils that are easily subject to deflation (that is, wind erosion), with very strong and stable winds, winter black storms occur, blowing out the soil along with winter crops not covered with snow. Such "black winters" were in 1892, 1949, 1951, 1960 and 1968. This phenomenon in its scope and consequences can be equated to major natural disasters. V.V. Dokuchaev describes one of the cases of a dust storm in Ukraine in 1892 as follows: “Not only was a thin snow cover completely torn off and carried away from the fields, but also loose soil, bare from snow and dry as ash, was swept up in whirlwinds at 18 Clouds of dark earthen dust filled the frosty air, covering the roads, bringing gardens - in some places the trees were brought to a height of 1,5 meters - laid down in shafts and mounds on the streets of the villages and made it very difficult to move on the railways: it was even necessary to tear off the railway stations from drifts of black dust mixed with snow. During a dust storm in April 1928 in the steppe and forest-steppe regions of Ukraine, the wind lifted more than 1 million tons of black soil from an area of 2 million km15. Chernozem dust was transported to the west and settled on an area of 6 million km2 in the Carpathians, in Romania and in Poland. The height of dust clouds over Ukraine reached 750 m. The thickness of the chernozem layer in the steppe regions of Ukraine decreased by 10-15 cm after this storm. The danger of this phenomenon also lies in the terrible force of the wind and its extraordinary impetuousness. During dust storms over Central Asia, the air is sometimes saturated with dust up to a height of several kilometers. Aircraft caught in a dust storm are in danger of being destroyed in the air or on impact with the ground; in addition, the visibility range in a dust storm can be reduced to tens of meters. There were cases when during the day with this phenomenon it became dark as at night, and even electric lighting did not help. If we add that on earth, dust storms can lead to the destruction of buildings. windbreaks, not to mention the all-penetrating dust that fills houses, soaks people's clothes, covers their eyes, makes it difficult to breathe, then it will become clear. how dangerous this phenomenon is and why it is called a natural disaster... Dust storms usually last for several hours, but in some cases - for several days. Some dust storms originate in North Africa, on the Arabian Peninsula, from where air currents bring clouds of dust towards us.
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