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A new data rate record in a coherent optical network

03.10.2022

Nokia Bell Labs has demonstrated the ability to transmit optical signals over 100 km over standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) at a record high speed of 260 Gbaud (2,08 Tbps).

During a demonstration at the European Optical Communications Conference (ECOC) 2022 in Basel, Switzerland, a provisional speed record of 220 Gbaud was broken.

This result marks the first milestone for scaling long distance data transmission systems at rates greater than 2 Tbps per wavelength. The issue of improving the energy efficiency of transponders is a constant challenge for the industry,” said Haik Mardoyan, senior researcher at Nokia Bell Labs.

The specialist collaborated with Keysight Technologies to develop dual polarization quadrature phase shift keying (DP-QPSK) coherent transmission technology over 100 km single-mode fiber. Keysight's new M8199B Arbitrary Waveform Generator (AWG) provides 75 GHz bandwidth and uses a 110 GHz lithium niobate thin-film I/Q modulator.

This allows the research and development of transmission systems operating at symbol rates up to 260 Gbaud, allowing to achieve net data rates of more than 2 Tbps in a coherent optical communication network.

The growing spread of artificial intelligence requires the emergence of new levels of server and network performance that must scale computing resources within reasonable energy usage limits. Higher data rates and new modulation formats will be among the leading technologies for the industry.

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superionic ice 25.10.2018

American physicists at the Livermore National Laboratory have obtained a new form of matter called superionic ice. Conditions suitable for this phase exist only in the interior of icy giant planets such as Uranus or Neptune.

Water ice has 18 crystalline varieties and several amorphous ones. They form at different pressures and temperatures and differ in the arrangement of water molecules. Theoretically, it is shown that at a high pressure of 50-100 gigapascals (one gigapascal is approximately equal to ten thousand atmospheres), water molecules are destroyed, as a result of which the ice becomes superionic. A crystal lattice is formed from oxygen atoms, within which hydrogen ions move freely.

Until now, researchers have not observed superionic ice in the laboratory, although a number of scientists have been able to achieve the conditions under which the transition of ordinary ice to an exotic phase should occur. Despite the fact that signs of superionic conductivity were registered, its values were not high enough.

During the experiment, the scientists used a cubic modification called ice VII, which was sandwiched between two diamond anvils at a pressure of 2,5 gigapascals and room temperature. The sample was subjected to short-term exposure to ultraviolet light to create a shock wave. When the wave front propagated in a small area of ice, extreme physical conditions arose that were suitable for a phase transition to the superionic state. The pressure in them reached 100-300 gigapascals.

It is shown that the results of optical measurements indicated superionic conductivity, which is characteristic of a new form of ice. At the same time, superionic ice melts at 190 gigapascals and a temperature of about five thousand degrees Celsius.

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