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TOURIST ADVICE
Wind. Travel Tips
In the wind is the movement of air masses from an area of high atmospheric pressure to an area of low pressure. Wind is characterized by strength (speed) and direction. The characteristic of the wind depending on the force is given in Table 1. The wind speed is determined by the magnitude of the baric gradient, i.e. the difference in atmospheric pressure per established unit of distance equal to 60 miles (1° of latitude), in the direction of pressure drop. Therefore, the greater the pressure gradient, the greater the wind speed. Due to the rotation of the Earth, under the influence of the Coriolis force, the direction of the wind does not coincide with its baric gradient vector, but deviates to the right in the northern hemisphere, and to the left in the southern hemisphere. In middle latitudes, the deviation can reach 60°. The direction of the wind is taken from the point on the horizon from where it blows (the wind blows into the compass). It is also customary to determine the direction of the swell, and “from the compass”, in the direction of the horizon, sea currents and river flows. The wind is not homogeneous in its structure. It can be jet (laminar), when air layers move without mixing, i.e. their particles do not pass from layer to layer. This movement of air usually occurs in light winds. If the wind speed exceeds 4 m / s, then the air particles begin to move randomly, its layers are mixed and the air movement becomes turbulent. The higher the wind speed, the greater the turbulence, the greater the speed jumps at individual points of the air flow and the more gusty the wind becomes, squalls occur. squally wind It is characterized not only by frequent and sharp fluctuations in speed, but also by strong individual gusts lasting up to several minutes. A wind that sharply increases its speed for a very short period of time against a background of light wind or calm is called a squall. Most often, squalls occur during the passage of powerful cumulonimbus clouds and are often accompanied by thunderstorms and showers. Squall wind speed reaches 20 m/s or more, and in some gusts 30-40 m/s. In this case, unexpected turns of the wind up to several points can be observed.
The main cause of a squall is the interaction of the ascending air flow in the front of the cumulonimbus cloud and the descending air cooled by heavy rain, in its rear part, as a result, a characteristic swirling shaft appears with a vortex under it, reinforced by the vortices of neighboring air layers. Vertical eddies in a thundercloud can form tornadoes. When the speed of such a vortex reaches 100 m/s, the lower part of the cloud in the form of a funnel descends to the underlying surface (ground or water), towards the rising dust or water column. A meeting with a tornado is dangerous: having great destructive power and rotating in a spiral, it can lift up everything that is in its path. The height of the tornado reaches more than 1000 meters, the horizontal speed is 30-40 km/h. Therefore, when you see a tornado, you need to determine the direction of its movement and immediately go to the side. Sometimes a tornado can form without thunderclouds. In this case, it does not originate from a cloud, but on the surface of the earth or sea, often with a cloudless sky. These are "good weather" tornadoes. They break down quickly and are almost harmless. Often, their existence can be more quickly noticed by the characteristic whistling sound that is heard when it moves than seen. Air, air masses are in constant motion, which constantly changes both its speed and direction. But on a global, planetary scale, this movement has a clearly defined pattern, which is determined by the general circulation of the atmosphere, which depends on the distribution of atmospheric pressure in vast areas of the globe - from the tropics to the polar zones. In the equatorial zone, the warm air of the tropics rises, which leads to the formation of a wind at the edge of the troposphere, called antipassat. The anti-trade wind spreads in the direction of the poles, respectively, to the north and south. The cooled air masses of the antitrade winds settle on the surface of the earth, creating increased pressure in the subtropics and a wind called the trade wind, which rushes to the equatorial zone. Under the influence of the Coriolis force, the trade winds of the northern hemisphere receive a northeast direction, and the southern hemisphere (except for the northern part of the Indian Ocean, where seasonal monsoon winds blow) - a southeast direction. The speed of the trade winds is also constant and reaches 5-10 m/s. In the equatorial zone, the trade winds weaken and turn to the east. Therefore, between the trade winds of both hemispheres, a calm zone arises (in the Atlantic "horse latitudes"), characterized by low pressure, thunderstorms and showers, calm. In latitudes 40-60° of both hemispheres, the winds of the western quarter prevail. They are less stable (from NW to SW), but much stronger (10-15 m/s or 6-7 points). In the southern hemisphere, where the western winds go around the entire oceans, lay the main routes for sailing ships to sail from Europe to Australia and back to Europe around the Cape of Good Hope and Horn meat. For their strength, frequency (up to 50%) and frequent storms, these winds were nicknamed "brave west", and latitudes - "thundering forties" and "roaring sixties". In the subpolar regions of both hemispheres, where the cold air masses of the upper layers of the troposphere settle, forming the so-called polar maxima, southeasterly and easterly winds prevail. trade winds - the first in the category of prevailing winds, i.e. constantly blowing in certain areas for a certain period of time. The speed and direction of the prevailing winds is determined from long-term observations for each sea or sea area. Another category of winds - local, blowing only in a given place or several places on the globe, occur when thermal conditions change for some time or under the influence of the terrain (the nature of the underlying surface) The first type includes the following winds: breezes formed under the influence of unequal heating of land and sea. The area essential for the formation of breezes is located in the coastal strip of the seas (about 30-40 km). At night, the wind blows from the coast to the sea (coastal breeze), and during the day, on the contrary, from the sea to land. The sea breeze begins around 10 am, and the coastal breeze - after sunset. The breeze belongs to the winds of vertical development and blows in the opposite direction at a height of several hundred meters. The intensity of the breeze depends on the weather. On hot summer days, the sea breeze has a moderate strength of up to 4 points (4-7 m/s), the coastal breeze is much weaker. On land, breezes can also be observed. At night, near the surface of the earth, there is a draft of air from the field to the forest, and at the height of the crowns of trees - from the forest to the field. Hairdryer - hot dry wind, which occurs when moist air flows around mountain peaks and is heated by the warm leeward underlying surface of the mountain slope. In the Black Sea, it is observed off the coast of Crimea and the Caucasus mainly in spring. Bora - a very strong wind directed down the mountain slope in areas where the mountain range borders on the warm sea. Cold air rushes down to the sea at high speed, sometimes reaching the strength of a hurricane. In winter, at low temperatures causes icing. It is observed in the Novorossiysk region, off the coast of Dalmatia (Adriatic Sea) and on Novaya Zemlya. In some mountainous regions, for example, in the Caucasus near Leninakan, or in the Andes, such a phenomenon is observed daily when, after sunset, masses of cold air rush down from the mountain peaks surrounding the valley. Gusts of wind reach such force that it blows off tents, and a sharp and strong drop in temperature can lead to hypothermia. Baku Nord - cold northern wind in the Baku zone, blowing in summer and winter, reaches storm, and often hurricane force (20-40 m/s), bringing clouds of sand and dust from the shore. Sirocco - a very warm and humid wind originating in Africa and blowing in the Central Mediterranean Sea, accompanied by cloudiness and precipitation. Seasonal winds - monsoons, which are continental in nature and arise due to the difference in atmospheric pressure during uneven heating of land and sea in summer and winter. Like other winds, monsoons have a baric gradient directed towards low pressure - in summer on land, in winter on the sea. Under the influence of the Coriolis force in the northern hemisphere, the summer monsoons of the Pacific Ocean off the east coast of Asia deviate to the southeast, and in the Indian Ocean - to the southwest. These monsoons bring cloudy weather from the ocean to the Far East, with frequent rains, drizzle and fogs. Long and heavy rains fall on the southern coast of Asia at this time, which leads to frequent floods. Winter monsoons reverse their direction. In the Pacific Ocean they blow from the northwest, and in the Indian Ocean they blow from the northeast towards the ocean. The wind speed in the monsoons is uneven. Winter northeast monsoons coincide with the trade winds of the northern hemisphere, but their speed does not exceed 10 m/s. But the summer monsoons of the Indian Ocean reach storm strength. Change of monsoons - occurs in April-May and October-November. The wind is no less important than the clouds for predicting the weather. Moreover, without wind, the weather cannot change. The wind is characterized by strength and direction. The strength of the wind can be determined by its effect on land objects and the surface of the sea. Table 1 shows signs of wind on a 12-point Beaufort scale. Table No. 1
Western winds usually bring weather softening, i.e. in summer it will be cooler, it will probably rain. In winter they are accompanied by heavy snowfalls and thaws. The north wind will definitely bring cold, whether precipitation will fall is unknown. The south wind brings warmth, i.e. in winter - thaw with snow, in summer it can be warm without precipitation. The east wind is less predictable, it can be both cold and warm, one thing is certain. It will not bring much rain either in summer or in winter.
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