Eight at one end. Travel Tips

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Eight at one end. Travel Tips

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To tie figure eight at one end a single figure eight is knitted, then the working end returns back strictly along the root. Used for attaching a rope to a point (tree, noose) or as a conductor.

Sometimes a knot is used to attach a participant's harness to the base rope.

Rice. 54. Knot Eight (I - loop, II - one end)

Authors: Rastorguev M.V., Sitnikova S.A.

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Viable artificial lungs created for the first time 07.08.2018

Scientists at the University of Texas at Galveston have grown lungs for the first time and successfully transplanted them into pigs, which survived for several weeks after the operation.

Healthy blood vessels developed in the tissues of the transplanted lungs, as a result of which the organs were able to engraft. In previous experiments, lungs transplanted into rodents stopped functioning within hours. In addition, the organs are grown from the recipient's own cells, which reduces the risk of rejection due to the immune system.

During the experiment, scientists using a mixture of detergents and sugar separated cells from the lungs of donor pigs, resulting in a 3D scaffold of intercellular proteins. In it, scientists began to grow a culture of cells isolated from recipient animals. The lungs grew for 30 days in a bioreactor tank filled with nutrient solutions. Ready organs were transplanted to four pigs to replace the left lung.

Animals were sacrificed 10 hours, two weeks, one month and two months after the operation. They underwent an autopsy to assess how well the organs took root. During the entire experiment, the pigs did not receive immunosuppressants, but the scientists did not reveal signs of rejection of the transplanted organ in any of the cases. At the same time, the researchers note that the artificial organs were not functional because they did not connect to the pulmonary arteries.

Scientists hope that in the future they will be able to improve the method and get full-fledged organs. In the case of transplanting an artificial lung to a human, 3D printing can be used to create a framework.

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