First aid for fractures, dislocations and sprains. Tourist tips

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First aid for fractures, dislocations and sprains. Tourist tips

Tourist tips

RџSЂRё fractures (open and closed) prevent movement of the broken limb by splinting. Take the victim to the hospital. With sprains and severe bruises - tight bandaging, cold on the damaged part (later in a day - heat). In severe cases, take the victim to a doctor.

Dislocation limbs are characterized by a change in the configuration of the joint, severe pain at the slightest movement. Fix the limb in the state of least pain and take the victim to the doctor. It is unacceptable to "reset" the dislocation on your own.

To carry the victim, build a hammock from a tent tied to a pole (see picture).

The simplest stretcher can be made by threading poles into the sleeves of clothing.

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DNA electric wire 29.06.2016

Researchers at Arizona State University and Duke University have discovered that good electrical wiring can, in principle, be made from DNA.

It's not so much that the long, helical DNA itself resembles an electrical cord. Every molecule is an atom whose electrons can be free to some extent. Free electrons can run from place to place, provided, of course, that they have somewhere to run. DNA has such "potentially running" electrons, but for a long time it was not clear exactly how they can move around the molecule.

As you know, quantum-wave dualism is inherent in electrons, that is, they behave both as particles (quanta) and as waves. Previously, Nongjian Tao, David N. Beratan and their colleagues found that DNA electrons behave differently at different distances: if at a short distance the electrons propagate like a wave, then at a large distance they are larger. resemble particles jumping from place to place, as happens in semiconductors. If we talk about efficiency, then the first method is preferable: electrons "in the form of a wave" move more smoothly and faster than "in the form of a particle."

In their new experiments, the researchers wanted to see if it was possible to make the electrons in DNA "wave" over long distances, too. As we know, each DNA chain consists of many monomers: four nitrogenous bases (A, T, G, C) attached to the ribose sugar, encoding genetic information; in turn, riboses with bases are connected into a thread through phosphoric acid.

A double-stranded DNA strand is quite strong, but it can bend, change shape, the parameters of the helix can change towards more or less helicity, etc. - all this affects how electrons will travel in it. Finally, the very sequence of bases is also important here - it can be assumed that some complexes of genetic "letters" will turn out to be more conductive than others.

Indeed, with the help of computer simulations, it was possible to find out that the repeating guanine (G) blocks help electrons to run in waves not only for small, but also for long distances. And that such sections will help electrons cope with obstacles that arise due to the movement of different parts of the DNA chain, due to bends, curvatures, etc.

Experiments with short, only 6-16 genetic "letters" DNA fragments showed that everything is really like this: guanine complexes improve the conductivity of the molecule. Since the bases of the chains correspond to each other according to the principle of complementarity, that is, if one has A, then the other will have T, and if one has G, then the other has C, then the guanine blocks looked like alternating GC.

The sequence of DNA influences the behavior of electrons and the conductivity of the molecule itself. Obviously, one could try to synthesize such DNA in which electrons would provide good conductivity - such a molecule could possibly compete with those bacterial villi. On the other hand, conductivity must change due to mutations, that is, due to changes in the DNA sequence, which could somehow be used in medical genetics.

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