Salmon knot. Travel Tips

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Salmon knot. Travel Tips

Tourist tips

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Before you tighten salmon knot, it must be thrown onto the forend of the hook.

The salmon knot is one of the strongest. It securely holds on any fishing line.

Rice. 128. Salmon knot

Author: Skryagin L.N.

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Bees have the ability to clone themselves 28.06.2021

Australian scientists at the University of Sydney have found that a breed of African honey bee is capable of producing nearly identical clones of worker females. This allows insects to avoid the harmful effects of virgin breeding.

The ability to clone oneself has obvious advantages, since there is no need to look for a sexual partner, and there is no genetic dilution in the offspring, that is, the original genome is preserved from generation to generation. Some insect populations have evolved thelitocous parthenogenesis, where females are able to reproduce without fertilizing new females. The phenomenon occurs in some haplodiploid insects, in which males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, that is, they have one set of chromosomes, and diploid females appear with a double set of chromosomes from fertilized eggs.

In haplodiploidy, usually only the queen is able to lay the eggs from which the females emerge. Worker bees, which are also females, in rare cases (for example, in the case of the death of the queen) can only lay unfertilized eggs, from which males always emerge. However, in the Cape honey bee Apis mellifera capensis, due to a single mutation, working females can produce diploid offspring, that is, new working females, without resorting to fertilization.

Thelytic parthenogenesis sometimes results in loss of heterozygosity (where different copies of the same chromosome carry different variants of the same gene) due to genetic recombination resulting in a new combination of genes. Heterozygosity for certain genes is important for sex determination in bees.

In Apis mellifera capensis, workers reproduce only thelytocally, and queens always mate and reproduce sexually. However, this means that the working females had to reduce the recombination frequency in order not to produce homozygous offspring.

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