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BOOKS AND ARTICLES Video editing. Basics for beginners
What is the difference between photography and video? You will say that a photo captures only one moment, while a video is a captured movement, and even with sound. Right. But not exhaustively. Remember yourself with a camera: to capture an interesting moment, you ask to say "cheese!", in three deaths you are looking for the right angle, stoically waiting for the right opportunity to come. The result of such work, as a rule, is pictures ready for printing (use). The amount of marriage here is minimal, except that an inadvertently blinking model will spoil the picture, and there are practically no uninteresting shots (you didn’t photograph the process of preparing for shooting, did you?). Another thing is video recording. Here, no matter how you turn it, the superfluous will definitely get into the frame: someone’s back, head, own shoes, finally ... A speeding car will hide the subject for a moment, a talkative rhetoric will terribly drag out his toast, and an airplane flying tens of kilometers will reach the speed of sound and make your eardrums explode, completely spoiling the whole sound atmosphere of the holiday. Anyone who has ever worked with a video camera is probably familiar with these ill-fated shots with backs, endless stairs, ceilings and an eternally "floating" focus:
If in the case of photography we simply don’t print defective pictures, deleting them from the camera’s memory, then you can’t just get rid of marriage in video shooting. Conclusion: installation is not just necessary, it is necessary. Believe me, no one - not even you - will subsequently be pleased to count the steps flashing in the frame ... Don't let the following figures scare you: amateur practice shows that an interesting film is obtained if no more than 10-20% of the entire filmed and captured video is used in it. That is, prepare in advance for the fact that your shooting is 90% of no interesting shots. This, of course, is about everyday life filmed on a video camera: everyday life, walks, family holidays - in general, all everyday prose. If you captured the Nobel Prize for your son or your first flight into space, these shots are priceless and cannot be edited. Unlike simple (linear) editing, when the video is copied directly from the source, non-linear editing is remarkable in that the work is being done with the material already on the computer's hard drive. Thus, you can work slowly, you are always allowed to return to a particular plot, correct it or completely edit it again. For those who have absolutely no idea of the processes that take place during editing, it will be easier to understand and "feel" them with the help of comparisons, identifications with already familiar objects. Imagine that the video received from the camera is a piece of ordinary film. For example, let's take a story with the baptism of a child, the duration of the clip is 60 minutes.
The main task of the editor is to cut out unnecessary pieces (episodes, scenes) from this shooting, leaving only the most valuable shots. What exactly is considered interesting and uninteresting is up to you; intuition and common sense are the true assistants of the master. Keeping in mind the above figures, but taking into account the originality of the plot (after all, the sacrament of baptism is not an everyday event), we expect to remove about 60% of the extra video, therefore, the result of the work will be a clip no longer than 15-20 minutes. Please note: the program does not work directly with a video clip imported into it. The video editor only remembers your actions and records them in a sequence understandable to this program. This sequence of actions is called a project, each video editor creates its own unique type of project (although it happens that some programs can import and work with projects created in other video editors). For example, when processing a clip named 01.avi, you cut it at the 5th second and removed the beginning. the program will remember this action and write down the information that the first five seconds of the clip 01.avi should be excluded from the project. After the end of work, the program will not make changes to the imported video file - this is impossible, because this clip is used as the basis. the program will create a new video file, guided by the same recorded sequence of actions, and also on the basis of temporary files (these temporary files are automatically created by the program in a predefined folder on your PC's hard drive). That is why any editor must ensure that there is sufficient free space on hard drives. A simple calculation: one hour of video captured from a miniDV camera is involved in the project being created - this is already 13 gigabytes. To save the result - creating a new video file - the program will need about the same amount of space as for the source material (in the case of outputting a movie to different formats, this amount may vary). If you want to carry out complex editing with overlaying various effects, transitions, titles on all videos; if you don’t want to delete a single minute from the original video and leave the hourly duration of the project unchanged, then you will need another 26 gigabytes of free hard disk space (13 for hosting service information and intermediate rendering, and another 13 for outputting the finished movie). Let's mentally break down the entire shooting into the main stages: here is a mother with a child in her arms heading to the temple. Next - a meeting with her best friend, who volunteered to play the role of a godmother. And, finally, the rite itself - or rather, what we managed to film on the sly (for some reason it is forbidden to film in the temple where the action took place). Now it remains only to remove unnecessary, inexpressive frames from each scene, leaving only bright, memorable ones - those that would be good for photography.
Thus, we reduced the duration of the clip several times without losing anything essential. You don't have to worry about a lost video: firstly, the original footage stored on the cassette remains with you forever. Well, and secondly - imagine that instead of a video camera you took a camera with you. How many photos could you take and then print? Fifteen or twenty, no more. Well, how long does it take to look through all these photos - five minutes? You see, we still win. Okay, we have decided on cutting. How now to connect the resulting scenes? The connection of scenes in a montage is simply called a transition (the term Transition is used in editing programs). Most often, the simplest method is used: butt. Remember feature films - they focus on the plot, but not on the colorful transitions from scene to scene. Many editing programs (especially amateur ones) offer a variety of ways to stitch together scenes, from dissolving to complex XNUMXD transitions. You should not get carried away with glare, flashes or flying fragments, try to focus the viewer on the plot of the film. Perhaps the most discreet transition is mixing (overlay, dissolution). There are a whole bunch of options for dissolving, but the most commonly used is a simple change in the transparency of the overlay clip. The film analogy will again help us visualize this technology. As you can see in the picture, the second clip is superimposed on top of the first clip, but look closely: several initial frames of the second clip are transparent! Moreover, over time, this transparency decreases, which leads to the gradual replacement of the lower clip by the upper one.
Let's now look at one well-known problem with clip trimming (for this, we will break away from the comparison with film and go into the editing program). The fact is that before creating a transition between clips, the user must make sure that these clips are "trimmed", that is, they have "spare" (invisible) information at the combined ends. The figure above shows an example where one video "ladder" is superimposed on another, this is how the transition should work. However, in video editing programs, transitions are created differently, at least this process looks different: Here we see that the transition, which has the name Cross Dissolve (cross dissolution), is located exactly in the center of the junction of two different video clips: 00.avi and 01.avi. So what's the catch here? And the fact that the correct operation of any transition is possible only if the clips glued by this transition have the same "spare" frames:
Thus, the first clip should have several spare frames after the splice (shown in grey). If the overlapping clips do not have such spare frames, then the created transition will be a sad picture - two mutually dissolving static frames (the last frame of the first clip and the first frame of the second clip). In this case, the installation program will give the user a signal about a malfunction (if it is included in its capabilities). For example, Adobe Premiere Pro will shade the transition if both clips being combined are untrimmed. joint, and the second - a few frames.
Of course, audio belonging to video clips is also mixed when creating a transition. Mixing can take place both automatically and manually (depending on the capabilities of the program). Usually, video editors use the simplest way of such mixing: the sound level of the first clip gradually decreases (fade out), while the level of the second one, on the contrary, increases (fade in). As a result, we have a practically unchanged overall sound level with a smooth transition from the first to the second.
It's good that we're talking about sound. After all, he is the most important component of the film, and not only amateur. Unfortunately, here, too, technical and software tools alone are indispensable: imagination and taste are necessary. Ideally, the music should sound constantly, throughout the film, only muffled from time to time so that the viewer pays attention and tries to hear someone's important words (it is desirable that such pauses last no more than half a minute, otherwise the viewer will lose interest in what is happening). It seems that we have revealed the basic concepts of editing, now you can get to work. But first, keep in mind: installation, even simple, requires a lot of time. After all, even a Hollywood film is shot for a year, and another one and a half are edited (and this is with that army of editors and sound engineers!). Try to get used to the following formula: one minute of edited video equals one hour of work. And then only if the editor is able to talk to his program on "you". Publication: ixbt.com
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