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PERSONAL TRANSPORT: GROUND, WATER, AIR
Tricycle Triada-350. Personal transport
Directory / Personal transport: land, water, air Usually the saying refers to the fifth wheel. However, some auto designers use the formula that is reflected in the title of our material. They really consider the fourth wheel in the car superfluous. Judge for yourself: unlike a four-legged stool, a three-legged stool does not sway even on uneven ground (remember the school one: you can draw a plane through three points, and moreover, only one). Consequently, the frame of the tricycle will be more rigid, and the machine itself will turn out to be lighter and stronger (and therefore cheaper). Of course, tricycles have less cornering stability than traditional four-wheeled vehicles, but this is hardly a reason to abandon such an arrangement. Then, following this principle, it would be necessary to abandon a tricycle with a sidecar long ago. However, these cars are popular in all countries of the world and do not have a greater accident rate than four-wheelers. Needless to say, the merits of tricycles have attracted designers since the dawn of automotive engineering. After all, Kulibin's first pedal carriage, Cugno's first steam wagon and Benz's first gasoline car were three-wheeled. The designers of such world-famous companies as BMW, Messer-Schmitt, Zundapp, Heinkel and many others equipped their cars with three wheels. In the cities of Europe, you can find quite a few light three-wheeled trucks, and in the cities of Asia, even three-wheeled taxis. More recently, the famous Mercedes company has invested its mite in the creation of tricycles, which showed an unusual little car called the Mercedes F1997 Life-Jet at the 300 Frankfurt Motor Show. The three-wheeled Mercedes is so unusual that it probably makes sense to talk more about this car. The main thing in it is that its design, which has increased stability on bends, can become a tempting model in the development of home-made tricycles.
The main idea of this machine is to give a person that feeling of freedom and enjoyment of movement, as when driving a motorcycle. And at the same time provide the level of comfort and safety characteristic of the car. Main technical characteristics:
Representatives of the company "Daimler-Benz" argue that the decisive factor for the organization of serial production of the tricycle will be the reaction of the public; if she likes Life-Jet, then it will be possible to deploy the production of the car in a year or two. However, let's return to simpler tricycles, to those that were created in our country by amateur auto designers. Among them are V. Taranukha from Kharkov, E. Rudyk from Kiev, G. Malinovsky and E. Molchanov from Moscow, and many others. I must say that both the designers and testers of tricycles gave the most favorable reviews about such machines. Of course, the control of tricycles was different from the control of traditional cars (however, no more than driving a motorcycle with a sidecar). Introducing another three-wheeled vehicle, called "Triada-350". This is a double two-door tricycle of increased comfort with a two-cylinder liquid-cooled engine IZH-Yu-5 with a working volume of 350 cm3 and a power of about 23 hp. The tricycle has a spatial tubular frame and a body with a tubular frame of mixed construction (plywood, foam, fiberglass plus epoxy). The rear part of the chassis of the car is made like a motorcycle IZH-YU-5 - with a swinging fork, regular "Izhevsk" spring-hydraulic shock absorbers and a chain transmission from the engine to the rear wheel. The front axle is from a FDD motorized stroller with a torsion bar suspension, hydraulic shock absorbers and wheels. From them is also a rack and pinion steering mechanism with a steering shaft and a wheel. The appearance of the front of the body is largely determined by the shape of the windshield. The "Triad" used the rear glass of the VAZ-2108 (maybe "Tavria" or M-2141) along with part of the back door. The side and rear windows are cut out of 4mm plexiglass. With a careful attitude towards them and regular processing with auto cosmetics, plexiglass retains transparency for a long time. Welding of the car frame was carried out on a slipway - a chipboard sheet of a suitable size painted with white water-based paint. A planned projection of the frame was drawn on it and wooden bars were nailed to fix the tubular frame elements. In addition, simple clamps and screws were used, as well as soft knitting wire. The tubular elements of the frame prepared for assembly were mutually adjusted and temporarily joined, for which technological holes were drilled in them, into which a knitting wire was passed. The pipes prepared in this way were connected by two or three welding points; after a thorough check for symmetry, the joints were finally welded. Moreover, the symmetrical elements of the frame were welded in small sections in turn - this made it possible to avoid the difficult-to-remove thermal leash of the structure. In a homemade car, even the smallest, the most difficult part is the body, especially the carrier. There are many options for the design of this complex spatial assembly: a body made of fiberglass, glued on a block or in a matrix, made of sheet metal, plywood or hardboard, assembled on a wooden or metal frame, as well as fragments of serial car bodies using homemade metal parts. Nevertheless, the body of the "Triad" falls out of this list - it has a light tubular frame with fixed window frames. This was intended not so much for structural strength, but for shaping. The shell was formed using lightweight plywood frames mounted on the frame, the space between which was filled with sections of construction foam. Next, the surface of the foam was brought to a thickness of 20 mm, leveled and pasted over with two or three layers of fiberglass on an epoxy binder on the outside and one layer on the inside. Salon upholstered in artificial leather. As a result, the tubular frame seemed to sink into the thickness of the foam and upholstery. The result is a light and durable body. It should be noted that the doors, each of which has its own tubular frame, were formed integrally with the body and were separated only after pasting its surface with fiberglass. Glazing of doors - from plexiglas, a window leaf - movable, sector. The floor of the body is made of plywood 10 mm thick, covered with several layers of hot drying oil and painted with red lead. The body of the "Triad" has a luggage compartment behind the driver's back, above the rear wheel. The body is hinged on the front of the frame, and in the rear it rests on the frame with a luggage partition and is fixed with a pair of wing nuts. This method of mounting provides convenient access to the engine during its maintenance - you only need to lift the rear of the body and support it with a folding rack. The vehicle control pedals are mounted in the passenger compartment, on an axle fixed in the frame spars. The drive of the clutch mechanism and the throttle valve of the carburetor is cable. The brake drive is hydraulic. There were no difficulties with the brake mechanisms of the front wheels - they are based on the standard units of the brake system of the FDD motorized stroller. The drive of the brake pads of the rear wheel was converted from mechanical to hydraulic using working brake cylinders from a motorized wheelchair.
The gearshift lever is mounted to the right of the driver's seat on the central brace of the frame. It is connected to the lever on the gearshift shaft by two rigid tubular rods through an intermediate two-arm lever. The first gear is engaged by moving the lever from neutral forward, the second, third and fourth - by sequentially moving the lever from neutral back. The Triada engine is started using a handle mounted under the instrument panel to the right of the driver and connected with a nylon rope to a drum mounted on the engine start shaft instead of the start lever. To do this, three turns of rope are wound on the drum. The steering is no different from what works on the FDD. The only novelty is that the outdated regular steering wheel has been replaced with the so-called sports steering wheel with a reduced diameter. As already mentioned, the Triad has a liquid-cooled motorcycle engine. At one time, the appearance of such motors breathed a new stream into the amateur auto industry, giving DIYers not only a powerful and reliable, but also a power unit that is stable in operation. The radiator of the Triad's engine cooling system is installed in the front of the machine in a tunnel riveted from sheet aluminum. There is also an electric fan (from the "Zhiguli" heater) and a sash-deflector that allows you to direct the air flow both into the passenger compartment and out, under the cabin floor. The trike's fuel tank is made from a 10-litre aluminum canister that has a standard motorcycle fuel sump cock embedded into it. The tank is fixed at the front of the machine. Fuel supply from the tank - by gravity. Driving a three-wheeled car does not cause any particular difficulties. The only thing that should be determined once and for all is the value of the optimal speed when cornering. This can be done on a free asphalt site. When turning, you must try to bring the car to the front wheel separation and even drive on two - one front and rear - wheels (this is how, by the way, they teach driving on motorcycles with a sidecar). It is important to fix in the mind the feeling of a raised wheel - this will help determine the speed when passing a particular turn. Otherwise, driving a three-wheeled car is no different from a four-wheeled one. Author: I. Zhukov
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