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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Chrysanthemum. Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Chrysanthemum Family: Asteraceae (Asteraceae) Origin: Asia Area: Plants of the chrysanthemum genus are found throughout the world, but are especially diverse and widespread in South and East Asia. Chemical composition: Chrysanthemum plants contain essential oils, carotenoids, flavonoids, acids, alkaloids and other biologically active substances. Economic value: Chrysanthemums are often used as ornamental plants in landscape design and interior decoration. Also, some species are used as a source of natural dyes and in medicine as an anti-inflammatory and choleretic agent. Legends, myths, symbolism: In Chinese culture, chrysanthemum is considered a symbol of longevity, prosperity and success. These flowers are said to help people maintain health and longevity, and also provide protection from evil spirits. In Japan, chrysanthemum is also considered a symbol of prosperity and good luck. It is depicted on coats of arms and flags, and is also used as decoration at holidays and celebrations. In Western culture, chrysanthemum is associated with memory and respect for the departed. In Europe and America, these flowers often decorate cemeteries and places of remembrance of the dead. Chrysanthemum is also associated with autumn holidays and can be used in decor at home and outdoors. In literature, the chrysanthemum is often mentioned as a symbol of love and a beautiful woman. In Japanese literature, the chrysanthemum was often used as a metaphor for beautiful and sophisticated women.
Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum. Description, illustrations of the plant Chrysanthemum. Legends, myths, history
This unpretentious autumn flower is truly of royal origin. Chrysanthemum flowers seem to connect the light cold of winter and the warm breath of summer. She is rightfully considered the queen of autumn. After all, once in the East luxurious feasts were held in his honor; the image of a chrysanthemum served as a symbol of nobility, happiness and was considered sacred. Today, the oriental beauty has no fewer fans than the recognized queens - roses and orchids. In Japan, the homeland of the chrysanthemum, its image is included in the national emblem; it is a symbol of the sun. The Order of the Chrysanthemum is the highest award of this country. This flower is no less revered in China, which is also considered the birthplace of the chrysanthemum. Here he personifies loyalty. Many legends are dedicated to this wonderful flower. One of them says that an evil dragon decided to steal the Sun from people, but when he grabbed it, the dragon severely burned his paws. Out of anger, the dragon began to tear and trample the fireball. The solar sparks that fell to Earth turned into white chrysanthemums. The 9th day of the 9th month is dedicated to the chrysanthemum in China and Japan, and the flower picked on this day is endowed with magical powers. In late autumn, when almost all the flowers have fallen off, the chrysanthemum, not afraid of the cold, blooms magnificently. Beautiful and resilient, she resembles a proud meihua. In the East, this autumn flower is called the white dragon flower. There is such a legend: a cunning and evil white dragon, wanting to annoy people, decided to encroach on the Sun itself. There was only one thing the white dragon did not know: it was beyond his strength that he chose his prey. The dragon tore the Sun with its teeth and claws, and the hot sparks turned into flowers and fell to the Earth. Here is another legend about the chrysanthemum. Once upon a time, a mighty emperor ruled in China. He was not afraid of anything in the world except old age. And then he called his chief doctor and ordered to prepare a drug that would prolong his youth. The cunning doctor leaned low before the emperor: - Oh, mighty lord, I could prepare such an elixir, but for this I need to get wonderful flowers that grow in the east, on distant islands. - I will order those flowers to be delivered immediately! - cried the emperor. - The whole secret is that a person with a pure heart must pick them - only then will the plant give its miraculous power. The emperor thought: he knew that neither he, nor his courtiers are fit to fulfill this condition. And then he decided to send 300 boys and 300 girls with a pure heart to the islands! That's what they did - they equipped the ships and sent them, led by the imperial doctor, to the islands - where Japan is now located. On one of them they found a beautiful flower - a chrysanthemum and could not stop admiring it! The wise doctor knew well the cruel temper of his emperor. And he said: “Surely the emperor will think that my companions and I were the first to try the elixir, and will order our execution.” And then everyone decided not to go back. They remained to live on the islands and founded a new state there, Japan. It is not known whether they prepared a wonderful elixir or not, but the chrysanthemum became their favorite flower.
The name of the flower, which comes from the Greek words “chrysos” - golden and “antemos” - flower (golden flower), is not accidental; the ancestors of the chrysanthemum were exclusively yellow. In Japanese it is called "kiku" - sun. On the day of "kiku" in the imperial palace, the courtiers admired flowers, drank special chrysanthemum wine, listened to music and wrote poetry. The chrysanthemum was considered a symbol of high status. Only the emperor and members of his family had the right to wear clothes made of fabric with a chrysanthemum pattern. Violation of the law was punishable by death. In the XNUMXth century, the plant was brought to France, and it conquered all of Europe. Author: Martyanova L.M. Chrysanthemum. Botanical description, plant history, legends and folk traditions, cultivation and use
There are not many flowers that have so quickly and so firmly won the sympathy of the public and gardeners as the Japanese chrysanthemum. Remember how long ago the chrysanthemum was only the favorite flower of China and Japan and was available only in two or three varieties? And now you will find all kinds of shapes, colors and types of it! Its flowers are sometimes curled, like curls, sometimes flat, like an aster’s, sometimes shaggy, sometimes bristly, sometimes tiny, like buttons, sometimes huge, like a sunflower, in a word, endlessly varied. Their color, however, is quite modest, bordering between yellowish-white and red-brown, but their shades and tints are unusually diverse. Here you can find fawn, straw-yellow, pinkish, brownish, brown, and dark red... Chrysanthemum is a favorite of Japan; it has been cultivated here since time immemorial. This is a national flower, the entire population is fond of it, from the Mikado to the last rickshaw puller. Her image is sacred, and according to state laws, only members of the imperial house have the right to wear material with her design. The rest, in case of violation of this law, are punishable by death. Any attempt to depict this emblem of the Japanese empire and symbol of imperial power is punishable by death, and therefore the Japanese government sometimes even resorts to depicting it to prevent the counterfeiting of government banknotes. Thus, several years ago, the director of the government printing house of state postage stamps resorted to the image of a chrysanthemum in order to prevent the fabrication of ancient postage stamps, which were purchased willingly and for a lot of money by foreign collectors. But cunning forgers bypassed him. As you know, only the symbolic chrysanthemum (golden flower) with 16 petals enjoys the power of government protection. Japanese artists, very cunning and dexterous in imitation, perfectly reproduced a whole series of “antique” postage stamps, but depicted a flower with only 14 and 15 petals. If a flower had 16 petals, counterfeiters would be in danger of being subjected to hara-kiri, and no one has the right to persecute them for chrysanthemums with fewer or more petals, and they calmly continue to sell their counterfeit brands to inexperienced lovers for good money. As for the fake of the real state emblem of the chrysanthemum with 16 petals, the Japanese, strictly observing and respecting all the laws of their country, never even tried to reproduce it; at least until recently there was not even such an attempt. The image of this flower is placed on the national flag, on coins and on the highest Japanese order, which even bears the name of the Order of the Chrysanthemum. The reason for such high veneration of this flower by the Japanese is best explained by its very name: “kiku” (sun). He is their symbol of this luminary, which gives life to everything on earth. The chrysanthemum began to be used as such a symbol of power in Japan, apparently a very long time ago, back in the XNUMXth century, evidence of which is the first image of it on the saber blade of the Mikado who reigned at that time.
One of the most beloved national folk holidays in Japan is associated with this flower - the chrysanthemum holiday. To explain such a celebration, it must first of all be said that, as is known, in Japan and China there are no Sundays, and therefore weekdays, working days, would have to follow continuously in tedious monotony all year round, if the people had not created holidays for themselves that would break this monotony and bring some fun into life. And among these kinds of celebrations, the first place among the Japanese is occupied by flower festivals. In February, holidays are held on the occasion of the flowering of plums, in March - peaches, in April - cherries, in May - wistaria and cinquefoil plants, better known as wisteria, in June - bindweed and peonies, in October - the chrysanthemum that interests us, and in the fall also people quits work and runs to admire the reddening and yellowing foliage of Japanese maples. (By cinquefoil, the author here most likely means iris, which the Japanese use to decorate rooms on May 5, the national holiday Boys' Day.) The spring holiday - cherry blossoms and the autumn holiday - chrysanthemum blossoms are distinguished by the greatest luxury and charm. The autumn holiday has been celebrated since time immemorial and attracts everyone's attention. In time immemorial, people gathered in crowds on these days, picked these lovely flowers and decorated their homes with them, and noble people rode on boats decorated with chrysanthemums - to the sounds of music, singing and reading Chinese and Japanese poems, in the composition of which the best poets of that time competed . These poems were and are written in ink on long strips of paper and glued to trees; so that not only people read them, but even the wind, as it were, spreads the news about them around the world. This holiday is celebrated solemnly to this day, and not only by the people, for whom special exhibitions of the most luxurious chrysanthemums are organized in different cities, but also at the court of the emperor himself. Modern chroniclers say that now those invited by the emperor must appear in a tailcoat and top hat. Everyone gathers in the Dango-Tsaka palace, built in the ancient Japanese style, the movable walls and mats covering the floors present a surprisingly strange contrast with all these Westernized costumes. Masses of the public fill the grottoes, alleys and kiosks of the vast park. The sounds of a Japanese march are heard, and the emperor appears surrounded by his retinue; he is followed by the empress with her court ladies. Mikado goes around the rows of invitees, gives each one his hand and speaks a few gracious words, but speaks so quietly that even those closest to him can barely hear him. After this greeting, the emperor, accompanied by all the guests, goes to the greenhouses, where the richest collections of chrysanthemums grown over the summer are exhibited. Among them there are small specimens, completely filled with flowers, their number often reaches 800 or more. Groups of people and even entire scenes depicting dramatic moments made from these flowers are remarkable and extremely beautiful. There is no way to describe these amazing, full of movement groups of people made of flowers. This is some kind of amazing, out-of-the-ordinary art that Europeans have no idea about. “It is extremely difficult, almost impossible,” says the German correspondent from whom we borrow this information, “to give European readers a description of these, so to speak, living paintings of flowers. Everywhere they make inscriptions, portraits, state emblems, geometric figures and animal figures from flowers in flower beds, sometimes even convex ones that stand out above the general background, like some kind of sculptures; they make, carving from boxwood and other small-leaved shrubs, figures of people, lions, dragons, and in general all sorts of living and mythical creatures, but all this is child’s play compared to the extraordinary taste of Japanese gardeners, their amazing art of grouping flower figures presented on this day in Dango-Tsaka Park. Here you see scenes of battles in which blood flows in a stream, staining (these scenes mostly depict a winter landscape) the snow covering the ground; horses and riders are depicted as if they were alive; ships with fluttering sails just float on; the heroes defeating monsters crawling out of rock crevices are full of movement; temples, palaces, curved bridges, foaming waterfalls... - all this is so natural, so natural that you involuntarily forget that they are made of flowers. Not everything, of course, in these figures is made of flowers: all visible parts of the body, the face, arms and legs are made of a special kind of papier-mâché, which is so finely and skillfully crafted, the expression of the faces made from it is so vivid that none of our wax figures can compare with him. Swords and other accessories of figures, wooden parts of houses, etc., as well as rocks, are usually made of the appropriate material; but there are ships and horses, bridge bulls, temple entrances, rocks and waterfalls made directly from chrysanthemums. This, of course, is the apogee of the art of Japanese gardeners, since here the flowers are selected in such a way as to convey all the shades of lighting, all the smallest details of the design. The most striking thing, however, in all these images is the dress of the figures, always composed only of flowers. What combinations of colors there are, what elegance, what variety of designs and materials depicting it - it defies any description. The basis of these dresses is made up of bamboos, into which not cut chrysanthemums are woven, but those still on their bushes, so that they continue to grow and bloom. And all these wide, billowing kimonos with their folded sleeves are so amazingly depicted, bending so naturally on the figures often posed in unusually difficult poses, that the amazed viewer almost forgets that they are made only from fresh flowers.
In general, in the images of these scenes, full of life and movement, Japanese gardening artists were able to embody such a combination of nature with art, the like of which does not yet exist, and it is quite understandable why the exhibition of imperial chrysanthemums makes a deep impression not only on the Japanese, but also on everyone who had her chance to see Europeans. It is also clear why these flowers are of such interest to the emperor himself. But such interesting paintings made from chrysanthemum flowers are shown not only at imperial exhibitions in Dango-Tsak. They can be seen at this time at private exhibitions in many other Japanese cities and even in some Japanese villages famous for their gardening. Only there the figures are usually made of wood and a layer of clay into which flowers are stuck. And here they also depict figures and scenes, but only, of course, the plots are taken not so dramatic, but more from everyday life, where such subtle artistry in the expression of the faces and poses of the acting characters is not required. Here you see some merchant with his wares, a tea seller, a group of women sitting in the garden preparing tea; children fishing or feeding fish... Nevertheless, even here, as at imperial exhibitions, the grouping and selection of colors to depict the pattern of the fabric of dresses is of particular charm. All the figures are made life-size and placed in small booths, where people gather to look at them, paying a few pennies for admission. And there is always so much public that you can barely fit into the booth. China is usually considered the birthplace of chrysanthemums, from where it was transferred to Japan and where it became so acclimatized that it became completely native. But there is also the opposite opinion. They say that it was first in Japan, and from there it was transferred to China. This opinion is supported by the following legendary story. They say that in 246 BC. Some very cruel emperor ruled in China, and he allegedly learned that on the shores of one of the nearby islands there was a plant growing, from the juice of which an elixir of life could be prepared. But in order for the elixir not to lose its miraculous power, it is necessary that the plant be picked by a person with a pure heart. It is clear that the emperor himself could not fulfill this and could not entrust the execution to any of his courtiers. Then one of the doctors close to him made him the following proposal: recruit 300 young men and young girls and send them to the island for this plant - probably among them there will be many people with a pure heart. The emperor approved the plan, and the expedition set off for the island where Japan is now. Whether they found the plant is unknown, but the sent junks never returned, and the emperor died. However, they say that the doctor, instead of looking for the plant, got carried away by various fun adventures and, if he found the plant and prepared the famous elixir from it, it was only for himself. The transported youth - the flower of the Chinese people - laid the foundation on the islands for a new strong state, headed by, again, the same doctor sent for the plant.
Chrysanthemum is no less loved in China, where in general the love of flowers, especially among women, is extremely widespread. The Chinese woman considers her costume incomplete if she does not decorate her jet-black, shiny hair with a flower, and therefore, if it is impossible to get a living one, she uses an artificial one. The only women who are not allowed to wear flowers in China are widows under forty years of age, but once they reach that age, the usual decoration with flowers is allowed. Let us add, by the way, that among Japanese women, on the contrary, wearing flowers in their hair is considered indecent and only children are allowed to wear them in Japan. If for some reason a Japanese woman needs to decorate her head with flowers, then only artificial ones are used. In China, the chrysanthemum is the most beloved flower after the peony, and even the ninth month of the Chinese year is designated by its name. The ninth day of this month is also dedicated to him. Picked on this day, it acquires, according to popular belief, special magical powers. Together with pine resin, it is processed into a mysterious remedy that is used to protect against aging. In Chengdu, the main city of Sichuan, there is a temple with the image of a genius - the guardian of chrysanthemums. He is represented in the form of a young girl who drank wine with a chrysanthemum flower and became immortal as a result. The Chinese also prepare a very tasty dessert from chrysanthemum flowers, which is served not only in Chinese restaurants, but also in private homes. This dessert is a compote and is prepared, according to the French newspaper "Gaulois", as follows. They take a fresh flower, carefully wash it, separate its petals and dip them in a mixture of eggs and flour; then take them out, quickly dip them in hot oil, place them on paper for half a minute so that it absorbs excess oil, sprinkle them with sugar and serve. This dish, which somewhat reminds us of a wonderful cake often prepared in Ukraine from rowan flowers, is said to be very tasty and has now become such a fashion in New York that Chinese restaurants there are always filled with Americans and generally non-Chinese people who come there to enjoy it dessert. The chrysanthemum was first introduced into Europe back in the 1676th century, in 1789, to England by the Dutchman Reede, but, apparently, it remained only there and became known only to a few. The real year of its import into Europe should be considered XNUMX, when Captain Pierre Blanchard brought it to Marseille. The flowers he brought back then were, of course, not the elegant, luxurious varieties that we see now, but the simplest ones - chamomile-shaped, and therefore did not attract almost any attention to themselves. But already in 1829, the Toulouse gardener Berne began experiments in breeding it from seeds and obtained several new, beautifully colored varieties. Then other gardeners were not slow to follow his example. The success was significant, and already in the 50s there were about 300 varieties of it, differing not only in color, but also in the shape of the flowers. However, another half a century passed until this flower, having achieved outstanding beauty, came into fashion and became one of the favorite winter flowers. Its late flowering, and moreover at a time when there were almost no flowers, of course, also contributed a lot to this circumstance. (Currently, flower growers have mastered the so-called controlled culture of chrysanthemums; by creating shortened daylight hours for young plants, and, if necessary, additional lighting, they began to get chrysanthemums blooming at any time.) Now he has come into such esteem that every fall in Paris, London and many German cities, special exhibitions of chrysanthemums are held, where huge sums of money are paid for the most original flowers. Of the Europeans, the English are especially fond of chrysanthemums, and now there is almost no garden in England where you will not find this flower; Chrysanthemums tolerate English fogs well and bloom even before the onset of light frosts. The British were keen on them even when the rest of Europe still paid little attention to them, and an example of this can be seen in the celebration of Schiller's birthday at the Crystal Palace in London in 1859, where a bust of this great writer was surrounded by thousands of chrysanthemums of the most varied shapes and colors , which only existed then.
In Europe, chrysanthemums are not so much flowers for bouquets and decorations, but funeral flowers. Serving as a symbol of silent deep sadness, they are placed, especially by Parisians, on the coffin. Wreaths made from them, simply cut flowers, and sometimes even flowering plants in pots are placed around the coffin, placed on the coffin and on the grave. They often play the same role among the Italians. That is why, probably, Mantegazza considers them the flowers of the dead and tells such a sad legend about their origin: “Once upon a time, many years ago, in an Italian town, there lived a poor woman. Her husband was a terrible drunkard, who did nothing but drink what he earned, and she alone had to exhaust herself to get bread for food. But she had one consolation that brightened up her bitter life and gave her the strength to fight - little Pierrino. She lived only for him, she only breathed for him. However, an evil fate pursued her. The child fell ill and died. In a moment of despair, the unfortunate woman wanted to deprive herself to life, but her neighbors held her back. Then she caught a fever, she was taken to the hospital, and for two months she was between life and death. But she recovered, and gradually time healed her mental wound. She returned to her husband, and again a bitter, hopeless life stretched on... Her dear boy was not with her, but she lived in sorrow, lived in the memory of his death. And the goal of her life, of all her passionate desires, became the dream of going to his grave on Sunday and saving so much money to buy him an iron cross. She sold her treasured earrings and her wedding ring for this, but there was still not enough money. This wonderful cross, covered with varnish and enamel, was her dream. And she worked and worked, saved and saved money... Meanwhile, every Sunday, every holiday, she went to her dear grave and decorated it with wildflowers collected along the way, which, it seemed to her, served as communication between her and the soul of her dear child. But the cold came, and the wildflowers froze, and she had no money to buy flowers at the store. She asked to sell it to her in installments, promising to pay carefully, but the ruthless sellers only shrugged their shoulders; She made the same request to rich people, but they also did not heed her pleas, and with despair in her soul she went to the grave, and from there home. And then, returning home one day, she suddenly remembered that on her dresser there was a bouquet of artificial flowers, bequeathed to her by her late mother. This bouquet was given to her mother by her husband on her wedding day and brought her happiness all her life. And therefore, when she was dying, she handed it over to her daughter, telling her to take care and keep it and never give it to anyone, since it was the key to happiness. It was this bouquet that the poor woman remembered now and decided, despite her mother’s request not to give it to anyone, to still take it to the grave of her dear Pierrino and put it instead of wildflowers. Covering the bouquet with a scarf and ashamed of the rich people who brought wonderful fresh flowers to the graves of their relatives, she carried it to the grave, laid it on it and, bursting into tears, begged her mother for forgiveness for acting against her will. She watered both the bouquet and the grave with burning tears and fervently prayed to the Creator, the Healer of spiritual sorrows and the Comforter of all who mourn. Praying, she crouched to the ground, and her flowing hair covered almost the entire grave. And suddenly a miracle struck her: the entire grave was covered with magnificent, living chrysanthemums of all colors, and the bitter smell wafting from them seemed to say that they were dedicated to sadness and death. Who planted them here, where they came from - the unfortunate woman could not understand, especially since a bouquet of artificial faded flowers lay between them... And since then,” Mantegazza ends his story, “every year these wonderful chrysanthemums bloom on the grave, around the beautiful iron cross that was finally erected, and the poor mother sheds tears of joy, believes and hopes...” Recently the centenary of the introduction of the culture of these flowers in Europe passed, and this anniversary was celebrated in the most luxurious way, especially in Paris. A rich exhibition of their varieties was arranged here, ranging from the oldest, original types to the latest novelty. For specimens outstanding in beauty and size, honorary awards, cash prizes and medals were awarded - both from various societies and from Paris. More than 1.200 flowers of outstanding beauty were exhibited, which were divided into groups and, placed among the greenery, formed a remarkably beautiful colorful carpet. The other part of the chrysanthemums was arranged in tall glasses and represented, as it were, the border of this carpet. These flowers belonged to 80 competitors. The largest variety was "Wallis", whose flower was 41 centimeters in diameter, and was awarded a prize of 1.200 francs, and the most beautiful and graceful flowers were "Mrs. Cova du Terrail" and "Mr. Church". They were also awarded very large awards. Whatever precautions had to be taken to deliver these cut flowers brought from all over Europe in complete safety, since the slightest damage to a flower, the slightest flaw served as a reason for its exclusion from the competition. Each flower was wrapped in a large sheet of tissue paper, its petals were skillfully raised, and the stem was wrapped in a piece of soaked cotton wool and covered with parchment paper or gutta-percha to maintain moisture. The copies sent in this form turned out to be quite flawless. Those whose cotton wool was replaced with moss and which were not wrapped in parchment arrived mostly spoiled.
Speaking, however, about European chrysanthemum hybrids, it must be admitted that they were extremely diverse in Japan even in very distant times. Thus, even in a book published in Kyoto in 1496, there are more than a hundred varieties that differ sharply from each other in both flower shape and color. Only, unfortunately, the color of flowers is described in words, since in Japan at that time they did not yet know how to print pictures with paints. Nevertheless, among them there are already many that are now considered to have been bred in Europe and therefore give them new names. These chrysanthemums are always very beautiful and have a poetic name. So, some of them call the morning dawn, the evening sunset, the northern shower, a foggy morning, others - a lion's mane, a thousand cranes, the brilliance of a sword... In conclusion, we will say that at present the passion of lovers and gardeners for this flower is so great that, just as is done for roses and orchids, in France there is even a special magazine dedicated specifically to it, called “Le Chrysanteme”. “Chrysanthemums,” the French academician Jules Clarty says about them, “are the crown of the year, scentless flowers, the gloomy color of which perfectly matches the sad time of year when they bloom; these are the flowers of cemeteries, the flowers of graves! Children of a foreign land, cultivated by our gardeners, who make of them a kind of garden jellyfish with tousled hair and a chilly form, they have become, to the detriment of the ardent rose and the modest violet, the darlings of fashion, and their lovers are now as numerous as those who love orchids. The passion for these strange, elaborately shaped flowers and the cooling and disdain for the graceful ones are signs of our time. I fully understand the attractiveness of the fantastic forms of orchids and the painful, so to speak, charm of the pale yellow, light brown, soft purple and faded lilac tones of chrysanthemums. These flowers, which are now triumphant, correspond to the modern moods of many people. What is simple and clear, for the most part, no longer captivates us at the present time. Now heat, pungency in seasoning and callousness, coldness to the eyes are more necessary." Author: Zolotnitsky N. Chrysanthemums. Botanical description, plant history, legends and folk traditions, cultivation and use
More than ten thousand varieties of chrysanthemums exist in the world, and it is incredibly difficult to say with certainty when exactly ancient peoples began to breed them. However, archaeologists find images of these flowers on fragments of marble and pottery, in the ornaments of ancient buildings, in patterns of oriental porcelain, and even on coins preserved from ancient times. The chrysanthemum was brought to Europe from Japan in 1676, and the first country that was lucky enough to see it was England. However, the French believe that chrysanthemums first appeared in Marseille in 1789 and were brought by the French traveler Pierre Hélancchier. According to Italian legend, chrysanthemums came from paper flowers that a poor woman used to decorate her son’s grave. When she came to the grave the next morning with new flowers, she saw that the flowers she had brought the day before had sprouted and become alive. The last flowers of the year - chrysanthemums - appear with the first frosts and therefore are cold and attractive in an autumn way, just as the frost of the first frosts is cold and attractive. On autumn days, when nature becomes poor in flowers, it is nice to receive or give someone a bouquet of white chrysanthemums. As already mentioned, white color is a symbol of chastity, innocence, and purity. However, in the countries of the East, white chrysanthemums are also a symbol of mourning, therefore, they can be given and presented there only on the day of remembrance or in moments of parting with people dear to the heart. And, although the chrysanthemum appeared in Europe in the XNUMXth century, flower growers really paid attention to it only a hundred years later and began to plant it everywhere, changing types and colors. A flower exhibition in 1889 in Paris summed up the results of a century of culture of these flowers in Europe. Chrysanthemums with feather-shaped, tubular, reed, lanceolate and radiant petals were demonstrated. But visitors to the exhibition especially remembered the huge Willis chrysanthemum. It looked like a white sunflower flower, with the only difference being that the sunflower is a flat flower, and the Willis chrysanthemum was voluminous and resembled a Caucasian papakha, for which one of the mountaineers thanked the gardener who raised it with thirty rams. European flower growers have worked hard for a hundred years, but still they did not manage to surpass their Japanese colleagues. The chrysanthemum in Japan is not only the harbinger of autumn, it is a symbol of the sun, a symbol of the nation. The stylized image of the sixteen-petalled imperial golden chrysanthemum is the basis of the state emblem, and the country's highest award is the Order of the Chrysanthemum. For a long time, the image of a chrysanthemum was considered sacred in Japan, and only the emperor and members of his family had the right to wear clothes made of fabric with a chrysanthemum pattern. The legend about the origin of Japan is also associated with the magical properties of the flower. In ancient times, China was ruled by a cruel emperor. He was informed that on one of the nearest islands there was a chrysanthemum plant, from the juice of which a vital elixir could be prepared. But only a person with a pure heart and good intentions can pick a flower. The emperor and his courtiers were sinful people, and three hundred young boys and girls were sent to the island who did not return to the cruel emperor; Fascinated by the nature of the island, they founded a new state - Japan. The Japanese have long celebrated the Chrysanthemum Festival. On this day they sing songs, recite poems, and decorate themselves with garlands of flowers. According to the ancient lunar calendar, October is considered the month of chrysanthemums. The name of the flower "kiku" means "sun". That’s why the Japanese call the most beautiful girls okiku-san, equating them to both the tenderness of a chrysanthemum and the radiance of the sun. The Chinese name the ninth month of the year after the chrysanthemum, and the ninth day of this month is considered a holiday. There is a popular belief that a chrysanthemum picked on this day acquires a magical quality. Chinese women also love to decorate their hair with chrysanthemums because these flowers represent fidelity.
While admiring chrysanthemums, the Chinese and Japanese do not forget... to eat them. A salad is prepared from chrysanthemum petals: to do this, take a fresh flower, wash it, separate its petals and dip it in a mixture of broken eggs and flour, then take it out, quickly dip it in hot oil, spread it on paper for half a minute so that it absorbs excess oil, and serve table. However, the main thing about chrysanthemums is not their culinary, but their aesthetic merits. The last flowers of the year, they bring us back to bright memories and awaken sublime dreams. Astronauts claim that white chrysanthemums resemble the northern lights, the breath of the so-called noctilucent clouds. Cosmonaut Pyotr Klimuk, in one of his conversations, said that “a blooming garden of white chrysanthemums are silvery clouds that have fallen to the ground. The vibrations of both, the iridescence of color and even the rustle are inseparable.” Fragile late flowers are very persistent. They survive even under snow. One has only to bring these ringing pieces of ice into the warmth, and the flowers will come to life and will be able to delight us for a long time with delicate colors and unique fresh greenery. In Vietnam, chrysanthemums represent spiritual purity and clarity of mind, in China - wisdom and longevity; in Japan - happiness, success, luck; in France and Italy there is mourning. Numerous varieties of chrysanthemums have poetic names. Golden Moth and Dance of the Beauty; Sky-high heights and the joy of return; Evening dawn and Spring dawn are not a complete list of their names. Some of them have petals exactly like frost, others look like willow leaves; still others have bird feathers; the fourth with splashes of champagne; in the fifth - with flashes of lightning; and the flowers themselves resemble stars and planets. A large collection of chrysanthemums is located in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden near Yalta, where scientists have grown over one and a half thousand domestic varieties of the most unexpected shapes and colors. Author: Krasikov S. Crowned chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Botanical description, distribution, chemical composition, features of use
Aster family - Asteraceae. Annual. A glabrous or almost glabrous plant 25-70 cm tall, with a short tap root and a simple or more or less branched erect stem in the upper half. Leaves are up to 8-10 cm long, sessile, oblong in outline, double pinnately divided with developed auricles. Baskets are single or 2-8 in number on leafy lateral branches, usually not forming a shield. The corollas of reed flowers are yellow, of different shades, tubular yellow. Homeland - North America. Introduced and bred in many varieties and forms. The leaves and young shoots resemble celery in taste and are used as food. Young inflorescences are also of nutritional value. Decorative. Authors: Dudchenko L.G., Kozyakov A.S., Krivenko V.V.
Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum L. Classification, synonyms, botanical description, nutritional value, cultivation
In Japan and China, three types of chrysanthemums are eaten: Chrysanthemum sinense Sabin., Ch. indicum L., Ch. coronarium L. There are a number of varieties of edible chrysanthemums. For example, in Japan, the Rioki kiku variety is used most often for vegetable purposes. Before consumption, its yellow flowers are soaked in vinegar and sugar. In the third type of chrysanthemums, young leaves with a specific smell and taste are used for food. Author: Ipatiev A.N.
Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum. Recipes for use in folk medicine and cosmetology
Ethnoscience:
Cosmetology:
Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!
Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum. Tips for growing, preparing and storing
Chrysanthemum is a perennial plant known for its bright and beautiful flowers. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing chrysanthemums: Cultivation:
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