Allergy. Medical care for a child

FUNDAMENTALS OF FIRST AID
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Allergy. Medical care for a child

Fundamentals of First Aid (OPMP)

Allergy - this is an increased sensitivity of the body to certain substances (to food, plant pollen, animal hair, bee venom, etc.). After contact with a foreign substance on the skin, mucous membranes or in the stomach, the most severe allergic reactions develop relatively quickly, within the first hours and even minutes. Immediate adult action and an ambulance call are required. But most often, allergic reactions occur in a fairly mild form, so they can be treated at home. However, a doctor's consultation is also necessary in this case.

Symptoms of the disease

Allergy symptoms are very varied. Most often, it manifests itself as a skin rash in the form of hives or blisters. The rash is accompanied by itching, sometimes very severe. Sometimes parents notice a rash, paying attention to the strange behavior of a child who scratches his hands, stomach or back. Redness appears on the skin, followed by small pimples grouped in separate places. Usually the rash is localized under the armpits, on the shoulders, on the shoulder blades, under the knees, on the elbows, near the navel, on the chest, on the cheeks, on the forehead, behind the ears.

Another common symptom is stuffy nose as a result of allergic mucosal edema, sneezing and tickling in the nose. There may also be a dry cough, difficult noisy breathing. Most often, this is an allergy to plant pollen, dust or certain odors, but it can also be to a specific product to which the child's body turned out to be hypersensitive.

An allergic reaction may be accompanied by abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. But the most dangerous condition is anaphylactic shock, which usually develops rapidly immediately after contact with the allergen.

Signs of anaphylactic shock: sudden weakness, nausea, pain behind the sternum, there is a fear of death. All these phenomena are instantly intensified, and the skin turns pale and cold sticky sweat appears on it. Blood pressure drops, loss of consciousness may occur.

When my child was very young and caught a cold, I called the pediatrician. We lived then in a large communal corridor-type apartment. The young woman undressed at the hanger and went to our room. But as she walked along the corridor, a terrible metamorphosis took place with her: tears suddenly flowed from her eyes, she began to sneeze and cough incessantly. In just five seconds, from a blooming smiling lady, our doctor turned into a sick, weak woman who needed help herself. I was even afraid to take her to my child. And the doctor, wiping her tears, smearing cosmetics on her cheeks and barely breathing, with an anguish in her voice and horror in her eyes, asked: "Who fries the fish?" It turned out that a neighbor bought carp and cooked it in the kitchen. I did not notice this, and the doctor showed a strong allergic reaction to the smell of fried fish.

When emergency medical attention is needed

In life-threatening conditions: anaphylactic shock, laryngeal edema (difficulty breathing and suffocation). Other signs require a visit to a doctor within a few hours or the first day after the onset of the disease.

What to do before the doctor arrives

If you experience difficulty breathing

1. Reassure the child and do not panic yourself, as your anxiety will increase the allergic reaction and worsen the child's condition.

2. Open the vents and windows so that fresh air enters the room.

3. Quickly humidify the air in the room. To do this, hang wet towels on the batteries. You can draw hot water into the bath and take the child there so that he breathes humidified air.

4. Remove clothes from the child that tighten his chest and stomach.

5. Place a warm heating pad at his feet or give him a hot foot bath.

6. Give the child an inhalation with an alkaline solution. To do this, dilute 1 teaspoon of soda in a glass of boiling water and ask the child to inhale the vapors.

7. If you have an ultrasonic inhaler, let the child inhale the soda solution through this device. It allows you to quickly remove swelling of the larynx and bronchospasm.

With anaphylactic shock

1. Find out if the child is conscious. To do this, rub it on the back or gently rub it.

2. If the child does not respond, then, with your hand firmly supporting his head and neck and without bending his back, lay the child on a hard surface face up and expose his chest.

3. If the child is unconscious, start anti-shock immediately. Do them for a minute, then call emergency help.

4. Check if the baby has breathing and heartbeat. To do this, put your ear to the child's mouth to hear his breath and see if his chest moves. Follow the child for no more than 5 seconds.

5. If the child is not breathing, do artificial respiration:

take a shallow breath and, without changing the position of the child's head, tightly clasp his nose and mouth with your lips, take two careful blows of air lasting 1 second each, with a pause between them;
if the chest does not move during artificial respiration, change the position of the child's head and take 2 more breaths of air;
noticing that the chest rises during artificial respiration, place 2 fingers on the inside of the child's arm just above the elbow and apply light pressure. Within 5-10 seconds, try to feel the pulse;
if there is a pulse, continue artificial respiration with one breath every 3 seconds. Check the pulse every 20 rescue breaths (for a child under one year old), every 15 breaths (for a child from one to eight years old), or every 12 breaths (for a child after eight years). Call emergency after 1 minute. Then continue artificial respiration with a pulse check;
if the child has no pulse, begin chest compressions. To do this, without changing the position of the baby's head, place 2 fingers in the middle of his sternum just below the nipples. Within 3 seconds, sharply press on the sternum 5 times in a row, so that the chest drops each time: by 1,5-2,5 cm in a child under one year old, by 2,5-3,5 cm in a child from one to eight years old years, and 4-5 cm in a child after eight years. Press the sternum smoothly, rhythmically, without taking your fingers off it;
alternate 1 breath with 5 chest compressions. Repeat techniques 10 times. Then, for 5-10 seconds, try to feel for a pulse. Repeat these techniques until a pulse appears or the doctor arrives.

6. If the child is conscious, immediately begin anti-shock measures:

put the child on his back and raise his legs by 20-30 cm;
to keep warm, cover the child with a blanket or coat;
listen to the child's breathing and heartbeat, be ready to start resuscitation if deterioration occurs;
call for emergency assistance.

ATTENTION!

If the child's heart is beating, do not press on the chest: this can lead to cardiac arrest.

If there is another person nearby, have one of you call for emergency help immediately and the other begin CPR.

When an allergic rash appears

1. If an allergen is known or there is an assumption that it can cause an allergy, then, if possible, exclude contact with it. For example, a child ate a chocolate bar the day before or played with a dog or cat (with whom he had not communicated before), or a new flower or carpet appeared in the house, etc. Any substance or animal can be an allergen, but most often products, animal hair cause allergies and flowering plants.

2. Give your child an antihistamine: suprastin or tavegil: up to a year - 1/4 tablet, up to 3 years - 1/3, up to 7 years - 1/2, after 10 years - a whole tablet. If the rash is itchy, apply cold compresses.

3. Lubricate the skin with Drapolene anti-allergic cream.

4. Give your child activated charcoal twice a day: up to a year - 1 tablet, up to 3 years - 2 tablets, up to 7 years - 3 tablets.

5. You can give your child glycyram - a herbal drug obtained from licorice naked. It has an anti-inflammatory effect and is widely used to treat allergic dermatoses in children.

6. Eliminate foods that can potentially cause allergies: chocolate, citrus fruits, fish, carbonated drinks.

7. Consult a doctor.

8. If the rash is not the first time, do a blood test for immunoglobulin-A. It will help to identify the nature of the disease - a true or false allergy, as well as determine the allergen. Limiting contact with the allergen will help to avoid the recurrence of symptoms in the future.

Folk remedies for allergies

Anti-allergic, antipruritic and drying effect is exerted by infusions of string, nettle, tricolor violet, oregano, leaves and bark of black currant, etc. Decoctions of valerian root, burdock, elecampane and calamus are also used.

Infusion of nettle leaves. Grind nettle leaves and put in a thermos (at the rate of 1 tablespoon per glass), pour boiled water and leave overnight. Then strain and give the child 1 tbsp. spoon 2 times a day 30 minutes before meals.

Infusion of sage, nettle and birch leaves. Take all components in equal proportions. Prepare the infusion in the same way as in the previous recipe.

Infusion of yarrow, nettle and oregano. Herbs should be taken in equal amounts. Then 1 tbsp. brew a spoonful of the mixture with a glass of boiling water and insist overnight in a thermos.

An infusion that relieves allergic edema. Take violet tricolor, chamomile, horsetail - 1 tbsp. spoon. Collection brew 1 liter of boiling water, then insist and take 3-4 times a day for 7-10 days.

Lotions that soothe itching, for external use. Made from infusion of chamomile, string or sage.

You can reduce itching, burning sensation and relieve swelling with the help of lotions from the infusion of the following herbs: mint, St. John's wort and oak bark, taken equally. Prepare the infusion as follows: 2-3 tbsp. brew a spoonful of the mixture with a glass of boiling water. Instead of lotions, you can use poultices - the same herbs are placed in a bag of gauze, then dipped in boiling water and cooled to 40-42 ° C and slightly squeezed, applied to the affected areas. You can make poultices several times a day.

Effective remedy - therapeutic baths

In the acute stage of an allergic rash, it is recommended chamomile baths: 2 Art.

spoons of grass pour 500 ml of boiling water, leave for 30 minutes, strain and add to bath water.

Baths with decoction of oak bark - Soak 100 g of crushed bark for 6 hours in 1 liter of water, put on low heat for 30 minutes, strain and add to bath water.

Bath with herb succession: 2 tbsp. tablespoons of herbs per 1 liter of boiling water, put in a water bath for 10 minutes. After removing from the water bath, leave for 2 hours, strain and add to the bath water.

Helps with itchy dermatoses starch baths - Dilute 100 g of starch in water at room temperature in a separate bowl, then pour into the bath.

Calming effect on the skin coniferous-valerian baths: for a bath - 25 ml of valerian tincture and 2 tbsp. spoons of pine extract.

cold allergy

Cold allergy is most often manifested by urticaria - a small rash on the skin in the form of red spots, as from a nettle burn, mainly on open parts of the body - on the palms, face and ears. If the allergy is not treated, then it eventually spreads to other, already closed, areas of the body. Urticaria may be accompanied by fever, joint pain, loose stools, and general malaise.

Allergizing factors are external and internal. External are frosty air and cold water when bathing. Under the influence of cold (in winter after a walk in the cold, and in summer as a result of hypothermia of the body after swimming in ponds), first there is severe itching and pain from the cold, then red spots protruding above the surface of the skin. Sometimes they merge and form a large area of the lesion with swelling of the skin. Internal factors - cold drinks that cause itching and swelling of the lips.

Allergy symptoms are expressed for several hours (maximum 48 hours), and if they persist for 6-8 weeks, then chronic cold urticaria is diagnosed.

An allergic reaction can begin immediately after contact with cold, or it can be delayed by 9-72 hours.

Prevention of exacerbations of cold allergies

1. In winter, before going outside, apply baby cream or boiled oil to exposed areas of the body.

2. Use linen and blankets only from natural fibers.

3. In case of severe reactions to hypothermia, cancel swimming in water bodies and prolonged exposure to cold air.

4. In the summer, start hardening the skin by applying rubdown and dousing with water with a gradual decrease in water temperature. First pour water with a temperature of 25-20°C, after 3-5 days the temperature can be gradually reduced to 15-10°C. In the future, you can do contrasting douches with warm and cold water.

First aid for cold allergies

1. If itching or swelling of the skin occurs, the child should be given antihistamines - tavegil, suprastin or claritin. If the child has already taken antiallergic drugs prescribed by the doctor, then you need to use them. These drugs should always be in the home first aid kit.

2. Give your child daily warm baths with decoctions of chamomile or starch, which relieve itching and soothe the skin.

3. In case of cold allergy, before going out or swimming in water bodies, it is necessary to lubricate the skin with anti-allergic or baby cream.

Author: Basharova N.A.

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