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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Instructions on labor protection in the diagnostics and maintenance of tractors and agricultural machines. Full Document
Occupational Safety and Health / Standard instructions for labor protection Safe Operation 1. General requirements for labor protection 1.1. This manual is intended for persons (machine operators, adjusters, diagnosticians) performing maintenance (TO) and diagnosing tractors and agricultural machines. 1.2. Persons who have reached the age of 18, have passed a medical examination, industrial training, have a tractor driver-driver's license, as well as have received introductory and on-the-job training are allowed to work on the diagnostics and maintenance of machinery and equipment. 1.3. Periodic medical examination, on-the-job training and testing of knowledge on labor protection is carried out at least once a year. 1.4. Employees who have a break in the work for which they are hired for more than 3 years, and with increased danger for more than 12 months, must undergo training and testing knowledge on labor safety before starting independent work. 1.5. When changing the technological process or upgrading equipment, fixtures, transferring to a new temporary or permanent job, violation of safety requirements by employees that can lead to injury, accident or fire, as well as during breaks in work for more than 30 calendar days, the employee must undergo an unscheduled briefing (with a corresponding entry in the briefing log). 1.6. Individuals who have become familiar with the features and methods of safe performance of work and have completed an internship for 2 to 14 shifts under the supervision of a foreman or foreman (depending on seniority, experience and nature of work) are allowed to work independently. 1.7. Permission to independently perform work (after checking the acquired knowledge and skills) is given by the head of work. 1.8. Follow instructions on labor protection, internal regulations, instructions of the head, workers of the labor protection and safety service and public labor inspectors. 1.9. In the process of production activities, workers are exposed to the following dangerous and harmful factors:
1.10. Hazardous and harmful production factors are realized in injuries or diseases in the dangerous state of machines, equipment, tools, environment and the commission of dangerous actions by employees. 1.11. When doing work, use:
1.12. Personal protective equipment should be used for its intended purpose and the administration should be notified in a timely manner of the need to clean, wash, dry and repair them. They are not allowed to be taken outside the enterprise. 1.13. Know and follow the rules of personal hygiene. Do not smoke in the workplace, do not drink alcohol before and during work. Do not store food or eat in the workplace. 1.14. Perform only the work for which you have been trained, instructed in labor protection and for which the supervisor has approved. 1.15. Persons who are not related to the work performed are not allowed to the workplace. Do not outsource your work to others. 1.16. Obey the safety signs. 1.17. Do not go behind electrical equipment fences. 1.18. Pay attention to the warning signals of trucks, cars, tractors and other types of moving vehicles. 1.19. Report to the manager about the noticed malfunctions of machines, mechanisms, equipment, violations of safety requirements and do not start work until appropriate measures are taken. 1.20. If the victim himself or with outside help cannot come to the medical institution (loss of consciousness, electric shock, severe injuries and fractures), inform the head of the household (employer), who is obliged to organize the delivery of the victim to the medical institution. Before arriving at a medical facility, provide the victim with first aid (first aid) and, if possible, calm him down, as excitement increases bleeding from wounds, worsens the body's protective functions and complicates the treatment process. 1.21. Employees are required to know the fire warning signals, the location of fire extinguishing equipment and be able to use them. It is not allowed to use fire equipment for other purposes. 1.22. Do not obstruct aisles and access to firefighting equipment. 1.23. Sand up spilled fuels and lubricants on the ground. Immediately remove the sand impregnated with oil products and take it to a place agreed with the sanitary and epidemiological station. 1.24. Dispose of used cleaning material in special metal boxes with lids. 1.25. Do not make fire in agricultural storage sectors. equipment on the territory of the machine yard and in the premises. 1.26. Do not store in the workplace flammable and combustible liquids, acids and alkalis in quantities exceeding the replacement need in a ready-to-use form. 1.27. In the event of a fire, immediately call the fire brigade and take measures to eliminate the source of ignition by means of fire extinguishing, and in the event of a fire at electrical installations, the first person who notices a fire must report this to the fire brigade responsible for electrical facilities, the head of the workshops. 1.28. In the event of a fire in the electrical installation itself or near it, first of all, before the arrival of firefighters, disconnect the electrical installation from the network. If this is not possible, then try to cut the wires (sequentially, one at a time) with a tool with insulated handles. 1.29. When extinguishing a fire, extinguish the source of ignition first. When using a foam fire extinguisher, direct the jet at an angle of 40 - 45 degrees to avoid splashing liquid. Start extinguishing from one edge, and then sequentially move to the other edge of the ignition source. 1.30. To extinguish small fires, flammable and combustible liquids, as well as solid combustible substances and materials, use foam fire extinguishers: manual types OHP-10, OP-M, OP-9MN; air-foam type OVP-5, OVP-10; mobile, transported on special trolleys, air-foam type OVP-100, OVP-250, OPG-100. In their absence, throw sand on the fire, cover it with felt or put it out in some other way. 1.31. To extinguish combustible substances and materials that cannot be extinguished with water or foam, as well as electrical installations under voltage, use carbon dioxide hand-held fire extinguishers of the type OU-2, OU-5, UP-2M, OU-8, OUB-3A, OUB-7A ; mobile carbon dioxide fire extinguishers such as OU-25, OU-80, OU-100, OSU-5; powder fire extinguishers of the type: manual - OP-1, OP-2, OP-5, OP-10, OPS-6, OPS-10; mobile - OP-100, OP-250, SI-2, SI-120, SZHB-50, SZHB-150, OP-50, OP-100. It is allowed to use dry, without impurities, sand. When using powder fire extinguishers, do not direct the powder jet at hot surfaces - an explosion is possible. 1.32. Do not use chemical foam or chemical foam fire extinguishers to extinguish a fire in an electrical installation that is energized. 1.33. A worker who violates the requirements of labor protection instructions may be subject to disciplinary liability in accordance with the internal regulations of the enterprise, and if these violations are associated with causing material damage to the enterprise, the worker also bears financial responsibility in the prescribed manner. 2. Labor protection requirements before starting work 2.1. Put on overalls and other personal protective equipment established for this type of work. Clothing should be buttoned up and tucked in, trousers should be over shoes, cuffs fastened, hair tucked under a tight-fitting headdress. Protect the skin from the action of solvents and oils with protective ointments (PM-1 or HIOT-6), pastes (IER-1, IER-2, Airo). 2.2. Check that the tools and devices used during work are in good condition, not worn out and meet safe working conditions. Non-mechanized tool 2.2.1. Wooden handles of tools must be made of seasoned hard and tough wood, smoothly processed, their surface must not have potholes, chips and other defects. The tool must be properly fitted and securely fastened. Percussion tools (hammers, sledgehammers, etc.) must have oval handles with a thickened free end. The console on which the instrument is mounted must be wedged with a completed mild steel wedge. On the wooden handles of pressure tools (files, chisels, etc.) in the places of interface with the tool, metal (bandage) rings must be mounted. 2.2.2. Percussion instruments (chisels, cross-cuts, barbs) should not have cracks, burrs, work hardening; the occipital part of them should be smooth, free of cracks, burrs and bevels. The length of the manual chisel is at least 150 mm, their drawn part is 60 - 70 mm; blade sharpening angle - in accordance with the hardness of the processed materials. 2.2.3. Forging tongs and other devices for holding forgings being machined should be made of mild steel and match the dimensions of the forgings. To hold the forging without constant hand pressure, the tongs must have rings (spandery), and to protect the worker's fingers from injury, a gap (in the working position) between the tong handles is 45 mm, for which stops must be made. 2.2.4. Wrenches must match the dimensions of the nuts and bolt heads. The jaws of the keys must be parallel and free of cracks and nicks, and the handles must be free of burrs. Sliding keys must not have play in moving parts. 2.2.5. The ends of hand tools used for threading into holes during installation (crowbars for assembly, etc.) must not be knocked down. 2.2.6. Crowbars must be of circular cross section and have one end in the form of a spatula, and the other in the form of a tetrahedral pyramid. Scrap weight within 4 - 5 kg, length 1,3 - 1,5 m. 2.2.7. Pullers must have serviceable paws, screws, rods and stops. 2.2.8. The vise must be securely fastened to the workbench. Sponges must have a good notch. 2.2.9. The screwdriver should be with a straight shaft, firmly fixed on the handle. The screwdriver must have straight sides. 2.2.10. Needle-nose pliers and pliers should not have chipped handles. The jaws of the needle-nosed pliers are sharp, not chipped or broken, the pliers are with a good notch. 2.2.11. Hand scoops for collecting garbage should be made of roofing iron and should not have sharp ends and torn places. 2.2.12. Before using jacks, check:
electrified tool 2.2.13. All power tools and electrical appliances must have closed and insulated inputs (contacts) of the supply wires. In order to protect against mechanical damage and moisture, the wires of power tools and electrical appliances must be protected by rubber hoses and terminated with a special plug. 2.3. Arrange the working tool, fixtures and materials in the prescribed place, in a convenient and safe order for use. 2.4. Check the presence and serviceability of the warning signal equipment, fences, safety and blocking devices. 2.5. Check that the ground and neutral wires are securely connected to the equipment. 2.6. Turn on, if necessary, local lighting and check the ventilation. 2.7. Check the availability of fire fighting equipment and access to it. 2.8. The installation of machines on an inspection ditch or lifting platform is allowed for a tractor driver (driver) or persons specially assigned for this operation under the guidance of an engineering and technical worker (foreman). 2.9. Inspect and clean the diagnostic attachment points. 2.10. Inspect the diagnostic devices and fixtures, make sure they are in good condition, and that there are means of attaching them to the machine being diagnosed. 3. Labor protection requirements during work 3.1. Before performing maintenance and diagnostics, clean the parts, assemblies and assemblies from plant residues and oil contaminants. Machines for applying fertilizers, plant protection products, operating in the zone of radioactive contamination, must be decontaminated. 3.2. When cleaning machines with compressed air, wear protective goggles and a respirator, and direct the air jet away from you. 3.3. All maintenance work on machines, except for some engine adjustments and diagnostics, should be carried out with the machine stopped and the engine not running. 3.4. Complicated maintenance of the machine and diagnostics should be carried out in places designated for this purpose, equipped with instruments, tools, fixtures and equipment. 3.5. Under the wheels of the machine installed for maintenance, in order to prevent its self-movement under the wheels, put wheel chocks, put on the hand brake, turn off the ignition and cut off the fuel supply. 3.6. When servicing machines with a high arrangement of components and parts, use special platforms equipped with guards or ladders with steps at least 150 mm wide. Do not use ladders. 3.7. Removal, transportation, installation of components and assemblies weighing more than 20 kg should be carried out using lifting mechanisms. 3.8. Before removing the units and parts associated with the cooling systems, hydraulic system lubrication and engine power supply, first drain the oil, coolant and fuel into special tanks, preventing liquids from spilling. 3.9. A trolley for transporting parts, assemblies, assemblies must have racks and stops that protect loads from spontaneous movement. 3.10. When performing operations in a closed room that require the operation of the machine engine, connect the engine exhaust pipe to exhaust means, and in their absence, take measures to remove exhaust gases from the room. 3.11. Do not carry out any work on the machine hung out only on lifting mechanisms (jacks, hoists, etc.). 3.12. Before jacking up, place the machine or implement on a level, level surface. Under the base of the jack, place wooden linings of a size that does not allow the jack to sink into the ground. Install an additional reliable stand next to the jack to ensure the stability of the machine. 3.13. Install the machine only on special stands, do not use random objects. 3.14. Inspect tractors and other self-propelled agricultural machinery carefully, avoiding contact with hot parts of machines and engines. 3.15. Be careful when performing various maintenance and diagnostic operations in hard-to-reach places, as you can injure your hands on the sharp edges of bolts, nuts, cotter pins, and equipment. 3.16. Avoid contact with oil and fuel, as this may cause skin irritation. Remember that it is more difficult to hold the tool in oily hands. 3.17. When diagnosing, removing and installing injectors of diesel engines, determining the quality of fuel atomization by the injector with a compressionmeter, be careful, as tractor operators often injure their fingers during these operations, and in the process of diagnosing itself, beware of getting fuel on your face and body parts. 3.18. Fasten the compression gauge securely to prevent it from falling out of its seat and possible injury due to high pressure. 3.19. When checking the hydraulic system of the machine with the diesel engine running, pay attention to the integrity of the hoses, the strength of their connections, so that there is no sudden rupture or separation of the hydraulic hoses and the release of hot oil under high pressure. 3.20. When determining the technical condition of the centrifugal oil cleaner rotor, beware of hot oil burns. 3.21. When determining the condition of the cylinder-piston group of a diesel engine using a gas flow indicator, ensure its reliable, tight connection with the oil filler neck to prevent hot oil ejection. 3.22. When checking the tightness of the exhaust air path, do not close the exhaust pipe with the palm of your hand; use an indicator for this purpose. 3.23. When checking the tension of the belts, fasten the tool securely to prevent it from slipping off the belt. 3.24. When diagnosing the condition of the undercarriage of a caterpillar tractor, use the jack correctly, lifting one of the sides of the tractor. 3.25. When using diagnostic stands to determine the tractive effort, fuel consumption, brake condition and other parameters of the T-40, Belarus, T-150K, Kirovets tractors, observe the following safety measures:
3.26. When cleaning the battery from dirt, adding electrolyte to it, be careful not to get the electrolyte on the skin to avoid burns. Carry out all operations with batteries using special tools. 3.27. Do not pour antifreeze through the hose by sucking it up with your mouth. 3.28. Clean the fuel lines on a cold engine after shutting off the fuel supply. Vehicles that have been serviced must be free of fuel leaks and leaks. 3.29. When controlling at idle the correct operation of the individual mechanisms of the machine after adjustment operations, make sure that there are no people in the path of its possible movement and the gear lever is in the neutral position. 3.30. Do not start the engine from a tow. 3.31. Check by ear the operation of all the components of the machines. If you experience extraneous noise and knocks, turn off the engine and eliminate them. 3.32. When inflating tires, periodically check the pressure to avoid bursting. 3.33. During maintenance of the tractor, lower mounted implements and machines to the ground, fix the moving parts of the machines in a fixed position. Unscrew and tighten fittings and union nuts of oil pipelines and hoses with the agricultural implement lowered, as well as with the machine engine not running. 3.34. When raising or lowering agricultural implements, stay away from high pressure pipes to avoid sudden rupture of hoses and release of hot oil under high pressure. 3.35. Proceed with the maintenance of platforms in the raised state only after installing the safety stand (stop). 3.36. During the scrolling of the machines after adjusting the units and mechanisms, do not stay in the air flow zones of the shredders and unprotected mechanical transmissions (cardan, gear, belt and chain). 3.37. When tightening slip couplings, do not stand opposite the end of the shaft, stand on the side. 3.38. For maintenance of machine-tractor units in the field, use a mobile device equipped with the necessary tools and fixtures. 3.39. When driving to the place of work, use the approved driving route. 3.40. Maintenance of agricultural machinery in the field should be carried out during daylight hours, and, as an exception, at night - with sufficient artificial lighting. At night, work is performed by at least 2 workers. With simultaneous maintenance of the machine by several performers, a responsible (senior) is appointed. 3.41. Place the maintenance unit on a horizontal platform in the most convenient place in relation to the serviced machine, brake and ground. 3.42. Tractors, combines and self-propelled machines must be in a braked state during maintenance. 3.43. Operate with a properly functioning load hoist winch. 3.44. Lift loads over 50 kg using the support device only. 3.45. Carry out work under the machines on a special floor or tarpaulin. 4. Labor protection requirements in emergency situations 4.1. In case of noticed malfunctions of production equipment and tools, as well as if, when touching a machine, machine tool, unit, an electric current is felt, or there is a strong heating of electrical wires, electric motors, electrical equipment, sparking or wire breakage, etc., warn workers about hazard, immediately notify the head of the unit and take measures to eliminate the emergency. 4.2. If smoke is detected and a fire occurs, immediately declare a fire alarm, take measures to extinguish the fire using the available primary fire extinguishing equipment according to the source of the fire, notify the work manager. If necessary, organize the evacuation of people from the danger zone. In conditions of smoke and the presence of fire in the room, move along the walls, bending over or crawling; to facilitate breathing, cover your mouth and nose with a handkerchief (cloth) moistened with water; move through the flames, covering your head with outer clothing or a blanket, if possible, douse yourself with water, tear off or extinguish the burning clothes, and when most of the clothes are covered by fire, roll the worker tightly into a cloth (blanket, felt mat), but do not cover with your head. 4.3. In case of accidents with people, provide them with first aid, immediately notify the work manager, maintain the situation in which the accident occurred, if this does not threaten the life and health of others and does not violate the technological process, until the arrival of persons investigating the causes of the accident. 4.4. In case of electric shock, release the victim from the current as soon as possible, because. the duration of its action determines the severity of the injury. To do this, quickly turn off the part of the electrical installation that the victim touches with a knife switch or other disconnecting device. 4.5. If it is impossible to quickly turn off the electrical installation, it is necessary to separate the victim from live parts: 4.5.1. When releasing the victim from live parts or wires with voltage up to 1000 V, use a rope, stick, board or other dry object that does not conduct electric current, or pull the victim by the clothes (if it is dry and lags behind the body), for example, by the skirts of a jacket or coat, behind the collar, while avoiding touching the surrounding metal objects and parts of the body of the victim, not covered by clothing. 4.5.2. If the victim touches the wire that lies on the ground, then before approaching him, place a dry board, a bundle of dry clothes or some kind of dry, non-conductive stand under your feet and separate the wire from the victim with a dry stick, board. It is recommended to operate with one hand if possible. 4.5.3. If the victim convulsively squeezes one current-carrying element (for example, a wire) in his hand, separate the victim from the ground by slipping a dry board under him, pulling his legs off the ground with a rope or pulling him by his clothes, while observing the safety measures described above. 4.5.4. When pulling the victim by the legs, do not touch his shoes or clothing unless your hands are insulated or poorly insulated, because. shoes and clothes may be damp and conduct electricity. To isolate hands, especially if it is necessary to touch the body of the victim, not covered by clothing, put on dielectric gloves, if they are not available, wrap your hands with a scarf or use any other dry clothing. 4.5.5. If it is not possible to separate the victim from live parts or disconnect the electrical installation from the power source, then chop or cut the wires with an ax with a dry wooden handle or bite them with a tool with insulated handles (pliers, wire cutters). Cut and cut the wires phase by phase, i.e. each wire separately. You can also use an uninsulated tool, but you need to wrap its handle with a dry woolen or rubberized cloth. 4.5.6. When separating the victim from live parts with voltages above 1000 V, do not approach the victim closer than 4 - 5 m indoors and 8 - 10 m outdoors. To release the victim, put on insulating gloves and insulating boots and operate only with an insulated rod or tongs rated for the appropriate voltage. 4.6. If the victim is conscious, but frightened, confused and does not know that in order to free himself from the current he needs to get off the ground, with a sharp shout of "jump" make him act correctly. Providing first aid 4.7. Electric shock. After releasing the victim from the action of electric current, lay him on a bed and cover it warmly, quickly determine the nature of the required first aid within 15 - 20 seconds, arrange for a doctor to be called and take the following measures: 4.7.1. If the victim is breathing and conscious, put him in a comfortable position, unfasten his clothes. Before the doctor arrives, provide the victim with complete rest and access to fresh air, while monitoring his pulse and breathing. Do not allow the victim to get up and move before the arrival of the doctor, and even more so continue to work; 4.7.2. If the victim is unconscious, but his breathing and pulse are stable, keep an eye on them, let him smell ammonia and spray his face with water, ensuring complete rest until the doctor arrives; 4.7.3. In the absence of breathing, as well as infrequent and convulsive breathing, or cardiac arrest (lack of pulse), immediately perform artificial respiration or chest compressions. Begin artificial respiration and heart massage no later than 4-6 minutes from the moment of cessation of cardiac activity and breathing, because. after this period, clinical death occurs. Never bury the victim in the ground. 4.8. Perform artificial respiration "from mouth to mouth" or "from mouth to nose" as follows. Lay the victim on his back, unfasten clothing that restricts breathing, place a roller of clothing under the shoulder blades. Ensure that the airway is clear, which may be obstructed by a sunken tongue or foreign material. To do this, tilt the head of the victim as much as possible, placing one hand under the neck and pressing the other on the forehead. In this position, the mouth usually opens, and the root of the tongue moves to the back of the larynx, providing airway patency. If there is foreign matter in the mouth, turn the victim's shoulders and head to the side and clean the mouth and throat with a bandage, handkerchief or shirt edge wrapped around the index finger. If the mouth does not open, then carefully insert a metal plate, tablet, etc. between the back teeth, open your mouth and, if necessary, clean your mouth and throat. After that, kneel down on either side of the victim’s head and, keeping the head thrown back, take a deep breath and, pressing your mouth tightly (through a handkerchief or gauze) to the victim’s open mouth, blow air into him strongly. At the same time, cover the nose of the victim with the cheek or fingers of the hand on the forehead. Make sure that the air enters the lungs and not the stomach, this is revealed by the distention of the abdomen and the lack of expansion of the chest. If air has entered the stomach, remove it from there quickly by briefly pressing the area of \uXNUMXb\uXNUMXbthe stomach between the sternum and navel. Take measures to free the airways and repeat the blowing of air into the lungs of the victim. After blowing in, release the mouth and nose of the victim for free exit of air from the lungs. For a deeper exhalation, lightly press on the chest. Perform each air injection after 5 seconds, which corresponds to the rhythm of your own breathing. If the jaws of the victim are compressed so tightly that it is not possible to open the mouth, then perform artificial respiration according to the mouth-to-nose method, i.e. blow air into the victim's nose. When the first spontaneous breaths appear, time the artificial breath to coincide with the beginning of the spontaneous breath. Perform artificial respiration until the victim's deep and rhythmic (own) breathing is restored. 4.9. Perform external heart massage in case of cardiac arrest, which is determined by the absence of a pulse, dilated pupils and cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes. When performing an external massage of the victim’s heart, lay the victim on his back on a hard surface or place a board under him, free the chest from clothes and raise his legs by about 0,5 m. 3 - 4 cm above this place along it is determined by the point of pressure. Place the part of the palm adjacent to the wrist joint on the place of pressure, while the fingers should not touch the chest, place the palm of the second hand at a right angle on the back of the palm of the first hand. Make a quick (push) and strong pressure on the sternum and fix it in this position for about 0,5 s, then quickly release it, relaxing your hands, but do not take them away from the sternum. Apply pressure approximately 60 - 80 times per minute. Massage the heart until your own (not supported by massage) regular pulse appears. 4.10. If it is necessary to simultaneously perform artificial respiration and heart massage, the procedure for conducting them and the ratio of the number of injections to the number of pressures on the sternum is determined by the number of persons providing assistance: 4.10.1. If one person is helping, then perform artificial respiration and heart massage in the following order: after two deep breaths, do 15 chest compressions, then again two deep breaths and 15 chest compressions, etc.; 4.10.2. If you provide assistance together, then one makes one blow, and the second after 2 s produces 5-6 pressures on the sternum, etc. 4.11. Perform artificial respiration and heart massage until the body's vital functions are fully restored or until a doctor arrives. 4.12. Injuries. Lubricate abrasions, injections, minor wounds with iodine or brilliant green and apply a sterile bandage or seal with a strip of adhesive plaster. For a large wound, apply a tourniquet, lubricate the skin around the wound with iodine and bandage it with a clean gauze bandage or a sterile bandage from an individual package. If there is no bandage or bag, take a clean handkerchief or cloth and drop iodine on the place that will lie on the wound to make a stain larger than the wound, and apply the stain on the wound. Apply the bandage so that the blood vessels are not squeezed, and the bandage is kept on the wound. In case of injury, give a tetanus toxoid injection in a medical institution. 4.13. Stop bleeding. When bleeding stops, lift the injured limb up or position the injured part of the body (head, torso, etc.) so that they are elevated and apply a tight pressure bandage. If during arterial bleeding (scarlet blood flows in a pulsating stream) the blood does not stop, apply a tourniquet or twist. Tighten the tourniquet (twist) only until the bleeding stops. Mark the time of applying the tourniquet on a tag, piece of paper, etc. and fasten it to the harness. The tourniquet is allowed to be kept tightened for no more than 1,5 - 2 hours. In case of arterial bleeding, take the victim to a doctor as soon as possible. Transport it in a comfortable and, if possible, fast vehicle, always with an accompanying person. 4.14. bruises. For bruises, apply a tight bandage and apply cold soaks. In case of significant bruises of the torso and lower extremities, take the victim to a medical facility. Bruises in the abdomen lead to ruptures of internal organs. Immediately take the victim to a medical facility at the slightest suspicion of this. Do not let such patients drink and eat. 4.15. Bone fractures. For a closed fracture, place the limb in a comfortable position, while handling it carefully, avoid sudden movements, and apply splints. Put splints on both sides, while putting cotton under the splints so that the splints do not touch the skin of the limbs, and be sure to capture the joints above and below the fracture sites. Tires can be worn over clothing. In case of an open fracture, stop the bleeding, lubricate the edges of the wound with iodine, bandage the wound and apply splints, bandage the broken leg to the healthy leg, and the arm to the chest. In case of a fracture of the collarbone and scapula, put a tight cotton roll into the axillary region of the injured side, and hang your hand on a scarf. If your ribs are broken, wrap your chest tightly or with a towel as you exhale. If the spine is fractured, carefully place the victim on an ambulance stretcher, boards or plywood, make sure that the torso does not bend (to avoid damage to the spinal cord). In case of broken bones, take urgent measures to deliver the victim to the nearest medical facility. 4.16. Dislocations. In case of dislocation, ensure the immobility of the injured limb, apply splints without changing the angle that formed in the joint during dislocation. Dislocations should be set only by doctors. When transporting the victim to a medical facility, place the victim on a stretcher or in the back of a car, and cover the limb with rollers from clothes or pillows. 4.17. Burns. In case of a thermal burn, remove clothing from the burned area, cover it with sterile material, put a layer of cotton wool on top and bandage it. Do not touch burns, puncture blisters, or tear off pieces of clothing stuck to burns while treating. Do not lubricate the burnt surface with ointments and do not cover with powders. In case of severe burns, take the victim to the hospital immediately. 4.17.1. In case of an acid burn, remove clothing and thoroughly for 15 minutes. rinse the burned area with a stream of water, then rinse with a 5% solution of potassium permanganate or a 10% solution of baking soda (a teaspoon in a glass of water). After that, cover the affected areas of the body with gauze soaked in a mixture of vegetable oil and lime water, and bandage. 4.17.2. In case of alkali burns, the affected areas within 10-15 minutes. rinse with a stream of water, and then with a 3 - 6% solution of acetic acid or a solution of boric acid (a teaspoon of acid in a glass of water). After that, cover the affected areas with gauze soaked in 5% acetic acid solution and bandage. 4.18. Frostbite. In case of frostbite of the XNUMXst degree (skin is edematous, pale, cyanotic, loses sensitivity), bring the victim into a cool room and rub the skin with a dry, clean cloth until redness or a feeling of warmth, lubricate with fat (oil, lard, boric ointment) and apply an insulated bandage. Then drink hot tea to the victim and transfer to a warm room. With frostbite II - IV degree (bubbles with bloody fluid appear on the skin, and it becomes purple-cyanotic color - II degree; layers of the skin and underlying tissues become dead, the skin becomes black - III degree; complete necrosis of the skin and tissues - IV degree) apply a dry bandage on the affected skin, let the victim drink hot tea or coffee and immediately send to the nearest medical facility. 4.19. Heat and sunstroke. At the first signs of malaise (headache, tinnitus, nausea, rapid breathing, intense thirst, sometimes vomiting), lay the victim in the shade or bring into a cool room, free the neck and chest from tight clothing; if the victim is conscious, give cold water to drink; moisten the head, chest and neck periodically with cold water, let's sniff ammonia. If the victim is not breathing, perform artificial respiration according to paragraph 4.10 of this instruction. 4.20. Poisoning by pesticides, mineral fertilizers, preservatives and their decay products. First of all, remove the victim from the contaminated area and free from clothing that restricts breathing and respiratory protection. Take first aid measures aimed at stopping the entry of poison into the body:
Do not give castor oil as a laxative. If possible, bring the victim to a warm room. When unconscious, use heating pads, but with great care, in case of poisoning with DNOC, nitrafen, sodium pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenolate, heat is contraindicated, perform cold procedures: cool baths, wet rubdowns, cold compresses, ice packs. If breathing is weakened, let's smell ammonia, in case of cessation of breathing or cardiac activity, perform artificial respiration or closed heart massage. In the presence of convulsions, exclude any irritation, give the patient complete rest. If irritating substances, such as formalin, enter the body, give the victim an enveloping agent (starch solution) to drink. Do not give milk, fats, alcoholic drinks. For skin bleeding - apply tampons moistened with hydrogen peroxide, for nosebleeds - lay the victim down, lift and tilt his head slightly, apply cold compresses to the bridge of the nose and the back of the head, insert tampons moistened with hydrogen peroxide into the nose. In case of poisoning with organophosphorus compounds, accompanied by salivation, lacrimation, constriction of the pupils, slowing of breathing, slowing of the pulse, muscle twitches, drink belladonna preparations: 3-4 tablets of besalol (becarbon) or 1-3 tablets of bellalgin. In all cases of poisoning (even mild), immediately refer the patient to a doctor or paramedic. 4.21. Poisoning with poisonous gases. If signs of poisoning appear (headache, tinnitus, dizziness, dilated pupils, nausea and vomiting, loss of consciousness), remove the victim immediately to fresh air and organize the supply of oxygen for breathing using a rubber cushion or an oxygen cylinder. In the absence of oxygen, lay down the victim, raise his legs, let him drink cold water and let's sniff cotton wool moistened with ammonia. If breathing is weak or stops, perform artificial respiration until a doctor arrives or breathing is restored. If possible and the victim is conscious, give him plenty of milk to drink. 4.22. Eye damage. In case of clogging of the eyes, rinse them with a 1% solution of boric acid, a stream of clean water or a damp cotton (gauze) swab. To do this, lay the head of the victim so that you can direct the jet from the outer corner of the eye (from the temple) to the inner. Don't rub your clogged eye. If splashes of acid and alkali get into the eye, rinse it for 5 minutes. clean water. After washing the eye, apply a bandage and send the victim to a doctor. 5. Labor protection requirements at the end of work 5.1. Do not leave the serviced machine or implement on the hydraulic lift (jack). When installing the machine on special stands, check its reliability. 5.2. Tidy up the workplace (clean the equipment, tools from dirt and dust, collect and take out garbage and waste to the designated place, collect and put the tools, fixtures and raw parts in the designated place. Hand over the processed parts to the pantry). 5.3. Install barriers and safety signs at open openings, openings and hatches. 5.4. De-energize equipment, turn off ventilation and local lighting. 5.5. Remove overalls and other personal protective equipment, put them in a closed cabinet; if your overalls need to be washed or repaired, put them in the pantry. 5.6. Notify the work manager about the condition of the equipment. 5.7. Follow the rules of personal hygiene. See other articles Section Occupational Safety and Health
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