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Instruction on labor protection for an electrician on operational switching in distribution networks. Full Document

Occupational Safety and Health / Standard instructions for labor protection

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Safe Operation

1. General requirements for labor protection

1.1. The instruction on labor protection is a document that establishes requirements for the safe performance of work for employees.

1.2. Knowledge of the Instructions on labor protection is mandatory for all employees.

1.3. The head of the structural unit is obliged to create conditions at the workplace that meet the requirements of labor protection, provide employees with protective equipment and organize their study of this Instruction.

Each enterprise must develop and communicate to all personnel safe routes through the territory of the enterprise to the place of work and evacuation plans in case of fire and emergency.

1.4. Each employee must:

• comply with the requirements of this Instruction;
• immediately report to your immediate supervisor, and in his absence, to a higher manager about the accident that has occurred and about all violations of the Instructions he has noticed, as well as about malfunctions of structures, equipment and protective devices;
• keep the workplace and equipment clean and tidy;
• ensure the safety of protective equipment, tools, devices, fire extinguishing equipment and documentation on labor protection at their workplace.

For violation of the requirements of the Instruction, the employee is liable in accordance with applicable law.

2. General safety requirements

2.1. Persons at least 18 years of age who have undergone a preliminary medical examination and have no contraindications to perform this work are allowed to work in this profession.

2.2. An employee undergoes an introductory briefing upon hiring. Before admission to independent work, he must pass:

• training in professional training programs;
• initial briefing at the workplace;
• test of knowledge of instructions:
• on labor protection;
• to provide first aid to victims of accidents at work;
• on the use of protective equipment necessary for the safe performance of work;
• on fire safety.

For employees who have the right to prepare a workplace, admission, the right to be a work supervisor, an observer and a team member, it is necessary to check the knowledge of the Intersectoral labor protection rules (safety rules) for the operation of electrical installations (hereinafter referred to as the Rules) to the extent corresponding to the duties of responsible persons for labor protection .

2.3. Admission to independent work is issued by an appropriate order for the structural unit of the enterprise.

2.4. A newly hired employee is issued a qualification certificate, in which an appropriate entry must be made about checking knowledge of the instructions and rules specified in clause 2.2, and about the right to perform special work.

The qualification certificate for on-duty personnel during the performance of official duties may be kept by the shop shift supervisor or with him in accordance with local conditions.

2.5. Employees who have not passed the knowledge test within the established time limits are not allowed to work independently.

2.6. The employee in the process of work must pass:

• repeated briefings - at least once a quarter;
• verification of knowledge of the instructions for labor protection and the current instructions for providing first aid to victims of accidents at work - once a year;
• medical examination - once every two years;
• checking the knowledge of the Rules for employees who have the right to prepare a workplace, admission, the right to be a foreman, supervisor or team member - once a year.

2.7. Employees who have received an unsatisfactory mark during a qualification test are not allowed to work independently and must undergo a second test no later than one month.

In case of violation of labor protection rules, depending on the nature of the violation, an unscheduled briefing or an extraordinary knowledge test is carried out.

2.8. The victim or eyewitness must immediately notify his/her immediate supervisor of each accident or accident.

2.9. Each employee must know the location of the first aid kit and be able to use it.

2.10. If faulty devices, tools and protective equipment are found, the employee must inform his/her immediate supervisor about this.

It is not allowed to work with faulty devices, tools and protective equipment.

To avoid electric shock, do not touch or step on broken overhanging wires.

2.11. In electrical installations, people, mechanisms and hoisting machines are not allowed to approach energized, unprotected live parts at distances less than those indicated in Table 1.

Table 1. Permissible distances to live parts under voltage

* Constant current.

2.12. It is not allowed to clutter up approaches to shields with fire-fighting equipment and to fire hydrants, as well as to use fire-fighting equipment for other purposes.

2.13. The following hazardous and harmful production factors may occur at the workplace of an electrician:

• increased value of the voltage of the electrical circuit;
• increased value of electric field voltage;
• reduced air temperature of the working area;
• the location of the workplace at a height;
• moving machines and mechanisms, moving and lifting elements of equipment, stretched wires;
• exposure to chemicals (paints, antiseptics, oils, acetone);
• insufficient illumination of the working area.

2.14. To protect against the effects of hazardous and harmful production factors, the following protective equipment must be used.

To protect against electric shock, it is necessary to use electrical protective equipment: dielectric gloves, boots, galoshes, mats, stands, pads, caps, grounding devices, insulating rods and pliers, voltage indicators, plumbing tools with insulating handles, fencing devices, posters and safety signs.

To protect the respiratory system when painting equipment, it is necessary to use respirators. When working on antiseptic supports, a cotton suit with special impregnation, canvas gloves and safety glasses should be used to protect the skin. Before lifting onto a support, exposed parts of the body should be coated with a special safety paste, making sure that the paste does not get into the eyes. After finishing work or before eating, wipe your face and hands with a dry, clean cloth, and then wash off the remaining paste with warm water and soap.

Work at low temperatures should be carried out in warm overalls and alternated between periods of time in a warm room.

To protect your head from impacts, you must wear a helmet secured with a chin strap.

When working on moving machines and mechanisms, there should be no flying parts of clothing that could be caught in the moving (rotating) parts of the mechanisms.

When working at a height of more than 1,3 m above the ground, floor, platform, it is necessary to use a safety belt.

In case of insufficient illumination of the working area, additional local lighting (lanterns) should be used.

When working in the dark, lighting of the workplace must be provided. Illumination should be uniform.

2.15. The electrician must work in overalls and use protective equipment issued in accordance with current industry standards.

2.16. The electrician must be provided with the following personal protective equipment free of charge in accordance with industry standards:

• cotton suit - for 1 year;
• canvas mittens - for 2 months;
• rubber boots for work in wetlands - for 1 year;
• tarpaulin boots;
• rubberized semi-cloak - on duty;
• dielectric boots - on duty;
• dielectric gloves - on duty;
• safety belt - on duty;
• cotton jacket with insulating lining;
• cotton trousers with insulating lining;
• felt boots;
• warm cotton mittens - for 3 months.

When working on wooden supports impregnated with antiseptics, an additional cotton suit with special impregnation is issued for 1 year.

When issuing a double replaceable set of overalls, the wear period is doubled.

Depending on the nature of the work and the conditions of their production, the electrician is temporarily issued additional overalls and protective equipment for these conditions free of charge.

3. Safety requirements before starting work

3.1. Put your overalls in order. Sleeves and tails of overalls should be fastened with all buttons, hair should be tucked under a headdress or helmet. Clothes must be tucked in so that there are no dangling ends or flapping parts. It is not allowed to roll up the sleeves of workwear.

3.2. Check the completeness and suitability of protective equipment and devices:

• absence of external damage (integrity of the varnish coating of insulating protective equipment, absence of punctures, cracks, breaks in dielectric gloves and boots, integrity of the glasses of safety glasses);
• the strength of the connections of parts, the strength and integrity of assemblies and parts intended for reliable installation or fastening of the safety belt;
• absence of tears in the fabric of the belts, serviceability of the lock on the carbine of the safety belt, as well as the presence of a locking device and a safety rope;
• the date of the next test (the expiration date is determined by the stamp or tag).

The serviceability of the voltage indicator above 1000 V can be checked at a known electrical installation.

3.3. Check the availability and serviceability of tools and ladders. The extension ladder must be tested, equipped with special stops and tie bolts, when installed on the ground - with sharp tips, when installed on smooth surfaces - with rubber shoes. The date of the last test must be written on the ladder.

The tool must be stored in a portable tool box or bag and meet the following requirements:

• handles of pliers, needle nose pliers and wire cutters must have protective insulation;
• the working part of the screwdriver must be well pointed, an insulating tube is put on the rod, leaving only the working part of the screwdriver open;
• wrenches should have parallel jaws, their working surfaces should not have knocked down bevels, and handles should not have burrs;
• The hammer handle must have an oval shape along its entire length, be free from knots and cracks, and be firmly attached to the tool.

3.4. Protective equipment, devices, tools and accessories with defects or with an expired test period must be removed and replaced with serviceable ones.

3.5. At installation mines and manholes, it is necessary to check the integrity of the welds, the integrity of the carbide inserts of the studs, the tightness of the studs, the integrity of the firmware of the belts and the reliability of the buckles.

It is not allowed to use mines and holes that have dull or broken spikes. The spikes must be turned all the way in and sharpened correctly.

3.6. It is necessary to make sure that the blocks, pulleys and ropes attached to them are tested and have a tag indicating the number of the block or pulley, the load capacity and the date of the next test; check the general condition of the blocks and their individual elements (rollers, necks, bearings), the fastening of the rope to the block, the lubrication of the rollers and their rotation on the axis, and pay attention to the inner surface of the hook mouth and the condition of the rope.

3.7. Responsibility for the provision of serviceable protective equipment and devices necessary to perform the work rests with the work manufacturer.

3.8. It is necessary to familiarize yourself with the work order issued for the work, make sure that the safety measures are defined correctly and the content of the work is clear.

3.9. The electrician must always remember that after an emergency power failure, it can be reapplied without warning.

4. Safety requirements during work

Moving by truck

4.1. When traveling to your place of work by transport, the following safety precautions must be observed:

• delivery of people to the place of work should be carried out by transport equipped with a van;
• in winter, the van must be heated, the interior where people are located must have an alarm system for communication with the driver’s cabin;
• for transportation of protective equipment and devices there must be special boxes and brackets;
• It is not allowed to transport people in dump trucks, tractor trolleys, on vehicles loaded with large cargo (supports, complete transformer substations (CTS), disconnectors, etc.), on the running boards of cars and tractors;
• boarding and disembarking of people should be done only after the transport has completely stopped.

Repair work on overhead lines and transformer substations

4.2. Upon arrival at the workplace, you must make sure by the dispatcher names that the place of work corresponds to that specified in the work order or order.

4.3. Check the serviceability of the protective grounding of equipment and reinforced concrete supports at the workplace.

4.4. Make sure that the technical measures specified in the work order are completed and receive instructions on how to carry out the work safely.

4.5. When performing work, it is not allowed to approach unshielded live parts under voltage at distances less than those indicated in Table 1 (clause 2.11).

It is not allowed to approach the lightning protection cable isolated from the support at a distance of less than 1 m.

When using a cable in an ice melting scheme, the permissible approach distance to the cable should be determined depending on the melting voltage.

4.6. Before lifting onto the support, you must ensure that the support is sufficiently stable and strong. If the strength of the support is in doubt (insufficient depth, heaving of the soil, rotting of wood, cracks and burns in concrete, tilt more than normal, etc.), it is not allowed to climb it without strengthening it.

The need for and ways to strengthen the support should be determined by the contractor.

Work on strengthening the support with the help of guy wires should be carried out from a telescopic tower or other mechanism for lifting people, or from a support installed nearby, or special fastening devices should be used for this, for hanging which it is not necessary to climb the support. In the case of using braces with hooks, the latter must be equipped with safety locks.

Supports that are not designed for one-sided tension of wires and cables and are temporarily subjected to such tension must also be strengthened before lifting them. It is not allowed to violate the integrity of the wires on intermediate supports without first strengthening them.

4.7. When climbing onto a support and working on it, you must use a safety belt, the slings of which should be placed behind the support post.

It is not allowed to climb and work on corner supports with pin insulators from the side of the inner corner.

During the performance of any work on the support, it is necessary to rely on both claws (holes), secured with a safety belt.

4.8. Parts should be supplied to structures or equipment using an endless rope, rope or cord. The worker standing below must hold the rope to prevent it from swinging and approaching live parts.

4.9. Work on the dismantling of supports and wires of overhead power lines (OHT), as well as the replacement of support elements, must be carried out according to the technological map or work execution plan (WDP) in the presence of the work manager.

The methods of felling and installation of the support, the need and methods of strengthening it to avoid deviation are determined by the work manager, and if he is not appointed, then by the employee issuing the work order.

4.10. When replacing parts of the support, the possibility of it moving or falling must be excluded. When replacing attachments on U- and AP-shaped supports, you should replace the attachment on one support post, secure the bandages and compact the ground, and then begin replacing the attachment on the other post. Double attachments should only be replaced one at a time.

4.11. When performing repair work at a transformer substations, it is necessary to use an extension wooden ladder, standing on a step located at a distance of at least 1 m from its upper end. When working at a height of more than 1,3 m, you should use a safety belt, which must be secured to the structure of the transformer substation. It is not allowed to lift or lower a load on a ladder, work on ladders using electric and pneumatic tools, perform gas and electric welding work, etc. To perform such work, scaffolding should be used.

4.12. When performing repair work using lifting machines and mechanisms, the following safety measures must be observed:

• It is not allowed to be under a lifted load, the basket of a telescopic tower, or closer than 5 m from tensioned wires and cables;
• When working from a telescopic tower (hydraulic lift), it is necessary to have visual contact with the driver. If there is no communication, there must be a member of the team at the tower who transmits commands to the driver to raise or lower the basket (cradle);
• you should work from a telescopic tower (hydraulic lift) while standing at the bottom of the basket (cradle), secured with a lanyard of a safety belt;
• moving from the basket (cradle) to the support or equipment and back is allowed only with the permission of the work contractor;
• in case of contact of the mechanism with live parts, it is not allowed to descend from the mechanism (machine) to the ground or climb onto it, or touch it while standing on the ground;
• you should move away from the step voltage zone at a distance of at least 8 m from it, moving your feet on the ground and not lifting one from the other or jumping on one leg or legs joined together; when driving, installing and operating vehicles, lifting machines and mechanisms, the distances from the lifting and retractable parts of slings, load-handling devices, loads to live parts that are energized must be no less than those indicated in Table 1.

4.13. It is unacceptable to touch the body of a car, lifting machine or mechanism on pneumatic wheels during all work in the security zone of the overhead line and carry out any movements of their working parts, load-handling devices and supporting parts before installing protective grounding.

4.14. If it is necessary to perform operational work on live parts energized up to 1000 V, it is necessary:

• to protect other current-carrying parts located near the workplace, under voltage, to which accidental contact is possible;
• work in dielectric galoshes;
• use tools with insulating handles (screwdrivers must have an insulated shaft); if such a tool is not available, use dielectric gloves;
• It is not allowed to work in clothes with short or rolled up sleeves.

4.15. In electrical installations, it is not allowed to work in an inclined position if, when straightened, the distance to live parts under voltage is less than that indicated in the table. When working in electrical installations near unprotected live parts that are energized, you must not position them so that these parts are at the back or on both sides.

4.16. It is not allowed to touch, without the use of electrical protective equipment, the insulators of live equipment.

4.17. It is not allowed to use the busbars of the primary windings as current-carrying ones during installation and welding work.

4.18. To eliminate errors and ensure the safety of the operation, before switching, it is necessary to inspect the electrical installations on which operations are expected, check their compliance with the given task and serviceability.

4.19. After making sure that the selected connection and switching device are correct, you can make switches.

4.20. Before turning off or on the disconnector, separator, it is necessary to carefully inspect them and determine the technical condition.

If cracks on insulators and other damages are found on the listed switching devices, it is not allowed to perform operations with them.

4.21. It is necessary to turn off and on disconnectors, separators and switches with voltage above 1000 V with a manual drive in dielectric gloves.

4.22. The disconnectors are switched on by hand drive quickly, but without impact at the end of the stroke. When an arc appears, the knives should not be retracted, as if the contacts diverge, the arc may lengthen and cause a short circuit. The closing operation must in all cases continue to the end.

4.23. Disconnecting disconnectors should be done slowly and carefully. First, a test movement is made with the drive lever in order to make sure that the rods are in good condition, that there are no swings and breakages of the insulators.

If at the moment of divergence of contacts between them there is a strong arc, the disconnectors must be immediately turned on and until the reasons for the formation of the arc are clarified, operations with them should not be performed, except in cases where the magnetizing and charging currents are turned off. Operations in these cases must be carried out quickly to ensure that the arc on the contacts is extinguished.

4.24. If the knives of the knife switch (disconnector) are not turned on, it is not allowed to knock out knives and sponges under voltage.

4.25. When disconnecting disconnectors, separators of charging current of overhead and cable lines, it is necessary to be located under a protective canopy or behind a fence.

4.26. In electrical installations up to 1000 V, it is not allowed to use "control" lamps to check the absence of voltage due to the risk of injury from an electric arc and glass fragments.

Work on overhead lines in the zone of induced voltage and in the span of intersection with an active overhead line

4.27. The electrician must be familiar with the list of lines that are under induced voltage after disconnection.

4.28. When replacing wires in open switchgears (OSD) and on overhead lines in the span of intersection with an existing overhead line, when the replaced wires are below the live wires, ropes made of plant or synthetic fibers must be thrown through the replaced wires in order to prevent undercutting the wires located above . Ropes should be thrown on both sides of the intersection, securing their ends to anchors, structures, etc. Lifting the wire should be done slowly and smoothly.

Both the suspended and the replaced wires must be grounded on both sides of the intersection.

Work on an overhead line located above an energized overhead line is permitted only in accordance with the regulations. Replacing wires without disconnecting both overhead lines is not allowed.

4.29. When working on overhead lines under induced voltage, grounding must be installed on each support.

4.30. Work from the ground to an overhead line under induced voltage, involving touching a wire lowered from a support down to the ground, should be carried out using electrical protective equipment or from a metal platform connected to the wire by a conductor to equalize the potentials.

4.31. When working on wires performed from a telescopic tower, the working platform of the tower must be connected to the wire using a special rod for transferring potential with a flexible copper conductor with a cross-section of at least 10 mm2, and the tower itself must be grounded.

4.32. When working in spans of intersection with an existing overhead line, on an overhead line under induced voltage it is not allowed:

• enter and exit the telescopic tower cabin, as well as touch the tower body while standing on the ground, after connecting the working platform of the tower with the wire;
• use a metal rope as an endless rope.

4.33. When lifting, sighting, stretching wires on an overhead line under induced voltage, the wire must be grounded at the anchor support from which the rolling is carried out, at the final anchor support through which the tension is carried out and at each intermediate support to which the wire is lifted.

4.34. When working in two or more anchor sections (spans) on an overhead line under induced voltage, the overhead line should be divided into electrically unconnected sections by disconnecting the loops on the anchor supports.

Replacing fuses

4.35. When replacing high-voltage fuses, you must:

• turn off the switching device;
• check the absence of voltage;
• install grounding.

Under voltage, but without load, it is allowed to remove and install fuses on connections in the circuit of which there are no switching devices that allow you to remove voltage.

Voltage transformer fuses can be replaced under voltage and under load.

4.36. When removing and installing fuses under voltage, you must use the following protective equipment:

• in electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V - insulating pliers or dielectric gloves and goggles;
• in electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V - insulating tongs (rod) using dielectric gloves and goggles.

4.37. Removal and installation of fuses must be carried out by workers with group III.

4.38. It is not allowed to use uncalibrated fuses and fuses.

Work with electrical clamps, rods and megaohmmeter

4.39. In electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V, two workers must measure the load with electrical clamps: one with group IV, the other with group III. In this case, it is necessary to use dielectric gloves. Do not lean towards the device to take readings.

4.40. Load measurements using electrical clamps in electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V can be carried out by one worker with group III. In this case, it is not necessary to use dielectric gloves. It is not allowed to work with electrical clamps while on a support or ladder.

4.41. Measurement of insulation resistance with a megohmmeter is carried out on disconnected current-carrying parts, from which the charge is removed by preliminary grounding. Grounding from current-carrying parts should be removed only after connecting a megohmmeter.

4.42. When measuring the insulation resistance of live parts with a megohmmeter, connecting wires should be connected and removed using insulating holders (rods).

4.43. When working with a megohmmeter, touching the live parts to which it is connected is not allowed. After finishing work, it is necessary to remove the residual charge from live parts by briefly grounding them.

4.44. An employee with group III can measure the resistance of the isoline with a megohmmeter.

In cases where measurement is included in the scope of work, it is not required to stipulate it in the work order or order.

4.45. Work with measuring rods must be carried out by at least two workers: one with group IV, the rest - group III.

Climbing a structure or a telescopic tower, as well as descending from it, should be done without a rod.

Clearing the VL route from trees

4.46. Before felling trees, the work area must be cleared. In winter, to quickly escape from a falling tree, two paths 5-6 m long should be laid in the snow at an angle to the line of its fall in the direction opposite to the fall. It is not allowed to climb onto chopped or sawn trees.

4.47. It is necessary to remember the danger of approaching felled trees, ropes, etc. to the overhead line wires.

In order to prevent trees from falling onto the wires, guy wires must be applied before felling.

If a tree falls on the wires, it is not allowed to approach it at a distance of less than 8 m until the voltage is removed from the overhead line.

4.48. The sawyers must warn other workers about the impending fall of the tree being felled. Standing on the side of the falling tree and on the opposite side is not allowed.

4.49. It is not allowed to fell trees without cutting or undercutting, or to cut through a tree. Leaning trees should be felled in the direction of their tilt.

4.50. It is not allowed to leave a cut or sawn tree unfelled during breaks in work or when moving to other trees.

4.51. Before felling rotten and dead trees, it is necessary to test their strength and then make a cut. Such trees cannot be cut down.

4.52. Group felling of trees with preliminary cutting and felling using the fall of one tree onto another is not allowed. First of all, rotten and burnt trees should be felled.

Bypasses and inspections of VL, TP, RP

4.53. It is not allowed to carry out any repair or restoration work, or to climb onto distribution points (DP), transformer substations (TS) and overhead line supports during walk-throughs and inspections.

4.54. In difficult terrain (swamps, water barriers, mountains, forest debris, etc.) and in unfavorable weather conditions (rain, snowfall, severe frost, etc.), as well as at night, inspection of overhead lines must be carried out by two workers , having group II. In other cases, one worker with group II can inspect the overhead line.

It is not allowed to walk under the wires when inspecting overhead lines in the dark. When looking for damage, those inspecting overhead lines should carry warning signs or posters.

4.55. On an overhead line with a voltage of 6-35 kV, you must not approach a distance of less than 8 m to a wire lying on the ground or to reinforced concrete supports if there are signs of a ground fault current flowing (evaporation of moisture from the soil, the occurrence of an electric arc on the racks and in places where the support is embedded in the ground and etc.).

In order to prevent people and animals from approaching a downed wire, security should be organized near such a wire, warning signs or posters should be installed, and the power grid area should be reported about the incident.

Earthworks and works on cable lines

4.56. Before starting excavation work in the security zone of a cable power line (CL), it is necessary to make a control opening of the soil (pit) to clarify the location and depth of cables, as well as install a temporary fence that defines the work area of ​​earthmoving machines.

If you find a cable that is not specified in the work documentation, you should stop work and report this to the company that issued the work permit, taking measures to ensure the safety of the cable.

4.57. The use of machines and impact mechanisms is not allowed at distances less than 5 m from the cable route, and earth-moving machines are not allowed within the security zone of cable lines. Loosening the soil using jackhammers should be done to a depth of no more than 0,3 m above the cable route.

5. Safety requirements in emergency situations

5.1. In the event of an emergency (accident, fire, natural disaster), immediately stop work and report the situation to higher operational personnel.

5.2. In cases of urgency, perform the necessary switching with subsequent notification of higher operational personnel.

5.3. In the event of a fire:

5.3.1. Notify all workers in the production area and take measures to extinguish the fire. Burning parts of electrical installations and electrical wiring under voltage should be extinguished with carbon dioxide fire extinguishers.

5.3.2. Take measures to call your immediate supervisor or other officials to the scene of the fire.

5.3.3. According to the operational situation, the local operational fire fighting plan should be acted upon.

5.4. In the event of an accident, it is necessary to immediately release the victim from the impact of the traumatic factor, provide him with first (pre-medical) medical care and inform the immediate supervisor about the accident.

When releasing the victim from the action of electric current, it is necessary to ensure that you yourself do not come into contact with the current-carrying part or under step voltage.

6. Safety requirements at the end of work

6.1. Upon completion of the work, it is necessary to tidy up the workplace. Place tools, devices, and protective equipment in their designated places.

6.2. All production waste must be removed to places suitable for their temporary storage.

6.3. Inform the permitter, and in his absence, the employee who issued the permit for preparation of the workplace and permission to work, about the complete completion of the work.

6.4. Upon arrival at the base, inform the management of the electrical network district about all changes and shortcomings discovered during work, and the measures taken to eliminate them.

6.5. Take off overalls, put them and other personal protective equipment in the work clothes closet.

6.6. Wash or take a shower.

7. List of accepted abbreviations

• AGP Field extinguishing machine
• ACS Automated control system
• PBX Automatic telephone exchange
• VL Overhead power line
• VLAN Overhead communication line
• HF communication High-frequency communication
• Main control panel Main control panel
• ZRU Enclosed switchgear
• IC Measuring (test) stand
• CL Cable power line
• KLS Cable communication line
• KRU (KRUN) Complete switchgear of indoor (outdoor) installation
• KTP Complete transformer substation
• MTP Mast transformer substation
• NRP Unattended regeneration point
• NUP Unattended reinforcement point
• OVB Operational Field Brigade
• Outdoor switchgear
• OUP Serviced amplification point
• POR Work Management Design
• PPR Project for the production of works
• PRP HR Rules
• PUE Rules for the installation of electrical installations
• RZA Relay protection and automation
• RP Distribution point
• RU Switchgear
• SDTU Dispatch and process control facilities (cable and overhead lines of communication and telemechanics, high-frequency channels, communication and telemechanics devices)
• SMO Construction and installation organization
• SNiP Building codes and regulations
• TAI Devices for thermal automatics, thermal measurements and protection, means of remote control, signaling and technical means of automated control systems
• TP Transformer Substation
• EU Electrolysis Plant

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The stereotype that women prefer "bad boys" has long been widespread. However, recent research conducted by British scientists from Monash University offers a new perspective on this issue. They looked at how women responded to men's emotional responsibility and willingness to help others. The study's findings could change our understanding of what makes men attractive to women. A study conducted by scientists from Monash University leads to new findings about men's attractiveness to women. In the experiment, women were shown photographs of men with brief stories about their behavior in various situations, including their reaction to an encounter with a homeless person. Some of the men ignored the homeless man, while others helped him, such as buying him food. A study found that men who showed empathy and kindness were more attractive to women compared to men who showed empathy and kindness. ... >>

Random news from the Archive The laser gun will fly through the weeds 04.06.2012 A modern person does not see the need to do something manually if there is an appropriate technical tool for this, for example, a laser machine. This position is shared by German scientists who are currently developing a system designed to kill weeds with a semi-autonomous laser gun. A group of engineers at the Leibniz University in Hannover believes that the herbicides used today are far from perfect. They are quite expensive, and the chemicals used in them can harm human health. Therefore, it was decided to build an intelligent laser system. The system is based on a set of cameras, the data from which is processed using a specially developed algorithm. This algorithm distinguishes "good" plants from "bad" ones, and as soon as a weed is detected, the system calculates its most vulnerable point, which is hit by a laser pulse. As it turned out, this is somewhat more complicated than it might seem, since the wrong power or wavelength can have the exact opposite effect, that is, stimulate the growth of the weed. At first, the systems will be deployed as ground installations in greenhouses and greenhouses, through which cameras and laser emitters will be able to move freely. However, in the long term, scientists plan to adapt the system to work on unmanned aerial vehicles. Drones will fly over fields and plantations, destroying not only weeds, but also insects and small animals that can harm crops.

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