non-ionizing radiation. Occupational Safety and Health

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
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non-ionizing radiation. Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health / Legislative basis for labor protection

The spread of electromagnetic fields through the substance is potentially dangerous for humans. Electromagnetic fields of different frequencies carry different energies and act differently on the substance of biological tissues of the human body.

The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation includes high-frequency energetically powerful ionizing radiation (gamma radiation, x-rays). Then come ultraviolet radiation, visible light and infrared radiation. Behind them is a wide range of radio frequencies, including (in descending order) microwaves, cellular radiotelephony, television, shortwave radio, medium and longwave radio, short waves used in dielectric and induction heaters, and current fields of the so-called power frequency (50 or 60 Hz).

Ultraviolet radiation is a form of optical radiation with a shorter wavelength and higher energy photons (particles of radiation) than visible light. Usually ultraviolet radiation is invisible and can be detected by the glow of a number of materials under its influence.

A well-known effect of ultraviolet radiation is erythema, or "sunburn", which manifests itself in the form of redness of the skin, usually 4-8 hours after exposure to ultraviolet radiation, and gradually pales after several days. Severe sunburn can cause the skin to blister and peel.

Protective clothing and hats with a brim to protect the face and neck should be used as protective measures against the sun's ultraviolet radiation. To reduce the level of exposure to exposed surfaces of the body, sunscreens (working as "screens") may be applied.

In the process of working indoors, workers are exposed to ultraviolet radiation from electric arc welding and when using special artificial sources of ultraviolet radiation.

As a result of exposure to ultraviolet radiation in a person's eyes, acute inflammatory reactions can occur within a few hours, usually lasting several days.

Long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation (over decades) can contribute to the development of cataracts.

Therefore, when welding, eye and skin protection with personal protective equipment is mandatory.

Infrared radiation, often referred to as thermal radiation or radiant heat, is emitted by all bodies. It becomes significant at high body surface temperatures (hot engines, molten metal and other foundry-related sources, heat-treated surfaces, incandescent electric lamps, radiant heat generation systems, etc.).

The natural protective reaction of the eyes, which stops viewing bright light sources in 0,25 seconds, does not work for infrared radiation that does not have an appropriate visual stimulus. Therefore, the eye does not feel heat, which leads to its adverse effects, especially on the lens of the eye and the retina.

Intense infrared radiation, usually associated with the use of lasers or very strong radiation sources (xenon arc), can cause thermal damage to the eyes. In this case, a local burn (scotoma) occurs in the blind spot of the retina.

With prolonged exposure to infrared radiation with wavelengths of approximately 800-3000 nm, clouding of the lens (cataract) is possible.

To prevent these injuries, personal protective equipment for the eyes must be used.

To protect against the thermal effects of infrared radiation, shielding and special clothing are used.

In the limit of zero frequency, the electromagnetic field splits into static electric and magnetic fields. Accumulating electrical charges (static electricity) during discharge can cause an explosion and / or fire, disrupt technology; they are unpleasant to humans.

When organizing technological processes, the protection of personnel from the effects of non-ionizing radiation is achieved through a set of organizational, engineering and technical measures, as well as the use of personal protective equipment.

In technological processes associated with exposure of personnel to static electric fields, protection is provided by grounding or shielding field sources or a working one, using neutralizers, antistatic drugs, moistening easily electrifying materials or replacing them with non-electrifying ones, using personal protective equipment (antistatic shoes, clothing) . Also, to protect against the action of static electricity, in addition to collective protection, special "anti-static" personal protective equipment is used, such as low-conductive clothing and shoes that do not allow high-power charges to accumulate;

When working with sources of constant magnetic fields, the adverse effect of the factor is limited by the use of manipulators, grippers made of non-magnetic materials, automation and mechanization of production processes, organization of storage and transportation of magnets and magnetized products in special containers made of non-magnetic materials, or "yokes".

In contact welding, to protect personnel from the effects of magnetic (or electromagnetic) fields of industrial frequency, non-inductive cables, shielding of equipment elements that are sources of radiation, remote control, automation and robotization of technological processes are used;

When working on open switchgears and power lines of high and extra high voltage, stationary, mobile and portable screens, as well as individual shielding clothing sets, should be used to protect personnel.

In physiotherapy rooms, for the protection of medical staff, rational placement of equipment, shielding of radiation sources (shielded cabins, shielding curtains), remote control, and automation of the processes of switching on and off devices are used.

During work related to exposure of workers to infrared and ultraviolet radiation, protection is provided by organizing remote control of processes and equipment, shielding radiation sources, and using personal protective equipment. The choice of materials for screens is determined by the required protection efficiency and the spectral characteristics of the radiation.

Authors: Fainburg G.Z., Ovsyankin A.D., Potemkin V.I.

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