Modern ideas about the prevention of drug addiction. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Modern ideas about the prevention of drug addiction. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

The Concept for the Prevention of Substance Abuse in the Educational Environment, developed by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation in 2002, noted that in Russia there is a low level of public awareness of prevention of drug pathology and the low availability of qualified free counseling and treatment and rehabilitation assistance to children and adolescents with drug addiction, and preventive assistance to people who are just starting to use psychoactive substances. About 60% of the children and adolescents surveyed and 28% of adults had no idea where to turn if drug problems appeared. And basically the population is focused on anonymous narcological help. There are no public rehabilitation centers for children and adolescents in the country, and most citizens are not able to pay for commercial drug treatment services. In this situation, a special responsibility falls on those who, by the nature of their activities, work with children and youth - teachers, educators, school psychologists, social pedagogues, and doctors. They need to develop a completely new approach to solving problems of drug prevention.

Preventive activity, as a rule, is built on an integrated basis and is provided by the joint efforts of educators, teachers, psychologists, doctors, social workers, and law enforcement officers. However, despite all the efforts and costs, it is prevention that is the most vulnerable point. The identification of people with drug problems is still very difficult. In fact, all treatment-and-prophylactic and rehabilitation work in the field of narcology deals with obvious, neglected cases of drug addiction, substance abuse and alcoholism.

At the state level, not a single country, even the most economically prosperous country, finances the entire spectrum of activities to combat drug addiction and its consequences. Thus, in Germany, public organizations account for up to 80% of all specialized narcological medical and social services. They have created their own network of medical and social assistance, including counseling centers, outpatient clinics, hospitals, youth and youth centers, shelters, etc. The budgetary health care of Germany is focused mainly on direct medical care - the removal of drug intoxication and specialized drug treatment in acute cases. In Denmark, Belgium, Norway, a fairly extensive social rehabilitation network has been created to help drug addicts. In these countries, special attention is paid to the organization of recreational alternatives to drug use, especially in the evening. Former drug addicts, as well as peers, are included in preventive work, as teenagers do not believe in mass actions, they have little trust in adults.

The second important point of foreign experience in the field of prevention of the use of psychoactive substances and the prevention of drug addiction should be considered the focus of activities on the school age contingent. It is this age group of minors and young people that is quickly drawn into drug addiction, which is complicated by concomitant diseases, the causes of which are lack of proper hygiene and casual sex. In a number of countries, a whole network of social assistance institutions has been deployed for children and adolescents of the "risk group" - "residential communities" for young people, women with children, "crisis" youth temporary shelters, night shelters.

Another form of work abroad is the organization of assistance at the workplace, which makes it possible to prevent the drug addiction of minors included and not included in the "risk groups". An example of this can be the institution of social consultants that are part of the staff of many educational institutions in the United States, the European program of "assistance at work" (EAP), etc. The consultant identifies problem children in educational institutions, investigates the causes of problems, develops together with the administration, parents and necessary medical professionals program of action. This approach is widespread throughout the world. In our country, only the first steps are being taken in this direction.

In international practice, the following main models of drug addiction prevention:

medical, focused primarily on the medical and social consequences of drug addiction and providing mainly informing students about the negative consequences of taking narcotic and other psychoactive drugs, their impact on physical and mental health;
educational, aimed at providing children and young people with complete information about the problem of drug addiction and providing freedom of choice with maximum awareness;
psychosocial, the main goal of which is the development of certain psychological skills that allow you to resist group pressure, resolve conflict situations, make the right choice in a drug supply situation.

At present, there are different legislative norms that determine attitudes towards drugs - from allowing the legal trade in "light" drugs (Denmark, the Netherlands) to the introduction of the death penalty for the distribution of drugs (China, Iraq).

Analyzing the situation in the region drug prevention in Russia, it should be said that the education system is mainly engaged in primary prevention, mainly educational institutions of the middle level - schools, vocational schools, less actively - colleges, lyceums and universities. New curricula have been introduced ("Fundamentals of Life Safety", "Valeology"), indirectly focused on the prevention of drug addiction. However, there is no unified state program to combat drug addiction; the existing preventive measures actually correspond to the educational and medical models of prevention. In some regions, attempts were made to locally introduce author's or adapted psychosocial models (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Samara, Kaliningrad regions, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, etc.).

It should be added that a system of purposeful training of personnel for work with children and youth who have problems with the use of narcotic drugs and intoxicating substances has not yet been created. Most of the teaching staff of educational institutions admit their ignorance in this area. The system of advanced training for teaching staff and other social workers includes a minimum number of courses whose programs are aimed at preventing drug addiction. In this regard, one of the most important aspects of anti-drug preventive work in the education system is the inclusion in the programs of educational institutions that train, retrain and improve the skills of specialists working with children and youth, issues of preventing substance abuse.

Authors: Gubanov V.M., Mikhailov L.A., Solomin V.P.

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