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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Organization of halts and overnight stays. Fundamentals of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Tourist bivouac - this is the rest of the participants of the campaign, the place where they eat, sleep and prepare for the further journey, this is a fire, hearth, shelter from the weather. Depending on the duration of the bivouacs, they are divided into a small halt, a lunch halt, an overnight stay, and a day's rest. The organization of a halt or an overnight stay consists in choosing the right place for it, preparing the site well, putting up a tent, making a fire and ensuring the safety of the camp from the elemental forces of nature. Place for a small halt. As a rule, it is selected on fairly flat and dry areas, in clearings, edges, or right on the side of a road or trail. It is desirable that there is a source of drinking water nearby - a key or a clean stream. In windy weather, the resting place should be sheltered from gusts of wind by a strip of forest, thickets of shrubs, a hillock or a coastal slope. However, where there are mosquitoes and midges, it is recommended to choose windward sections of the terrain for stopping. In winter, it is good to make a halt in places lit by the sun, and in summer or in the south - in the shade. Place for a lunch halt, an overnight stay, a day searched more carefully. Usually it is selected on the banks of a river, lake, and often depends on the availability of a flat area for tents and dry fuel - brushwood, deadwood, windbreak. Good fuel is needed at the place of the winter camp overnight. The presence of a source of drinking water nearby is desirable, but in winter conditions it is not necessary, since water can be melted from the snow. When stopping in the summer on a river along which there are settlements, a tourist camp should be set up upstream from the village, watering places and fords. It is recommended to choose places with convenient descents to the water, calm reaches and a sandy bottom without snags. For an overnight stay, it is more convenient to places that are illuminated early by the sun - the eastern slopes of the hill, the eastern edge of the forest, the river bank, etc. Here the dew dries faster on the grass and tents. It is good when a halt or an overnight stay is organized in the most picturesque places where you can fish nearby, pick mushrooms or berries. In protected natural and forest park areas, a tourist camp can only be set up in specially designated places. Halts and lodging for the night should not be arranged where, due to the state of the soil, plants or the presence of water runoff, tourist parking can contribute to erosion, for example, at the beginning of a ravine or its branches. Safety requirements for places of halts and lodging for the night. It is not recommended to camp on flooded river banks, in dry stream beds, or on low-lying islands. In a mountainous region, it is necessary to take into account the specific features of the relief and weather, and in order to avoid rockfalls, avalanches, landslides, mudflows, do not be located at the foot of high rocks, under eaves, moving screes, on alluvial cones, in avalanche-prone couloirs. In order not to expose yourself to the risk of being hit by atmospheric electricity, during an impending thunderstorm, you should not stop on ridges, hilltops, and passes. In the forest, one should be careful with fire and not set up camp directly in the thicket of a coniferous forest or in a dry bush. There should not be rotten or cut trees near the chosen site, otherwise a sudden squall or lightning strike can knock them down on tourists. Small halts Organization of a small halt. Having found a suitable site and stopped the tourists, the leader distributes responsibilities between the individual members of the group. Usually it is enough to instruct one of the tourists to distribute sandwiches, sour sweets or vitamins, and the other to go for drinking water. All the rest, taking off their backpacks, settle down for a 5-10-minute rest on stumps, fallen trees or dry soil elevations. Those who are tired are allowed to lie down on some kind of bedding and raise their legs up (for example, put them on a backpack). It's good to do a little exercise. A small halt in winter conditions. Before stopping for a halt, the group slows down the pace so that the overheated skiers can gradually cool down. After stopping, you should immediately put on something warm, such as a jacket or padded jacket. If possible, it is advisable to give everyone from the thermos a sip of hot tea, coffee or cocoa. It is recommended to hang the backpack on the bough of a tree, put it on a stump cleared of snow, or, in their absence, lower it back onto your skis. You should not sit on a backpack, but if it does not contain food or objects that can be crushed, an exception can be made in some cases. In cold weather, a small halt should be no longer than 5 minutes. Lunch breaks Organizing a lunch break. When stopping for lunch, two people go to fetch water, one starts to kindle a fire, the other to equip the fire, and the rest go to fetch fuel. After water and firewood are brought and the fire is lit, the attendants remain around it, who ensure the maintenance of the fire and the cooking of food. Tourists free from duty rest, swim, play sports, fish, pick mushrooms, berries. In sunny weather, the lunch break can be used to dry clothes and equipment. In case of bad weather, you should choose a site for setting up tents in advance, and put all backpacks in one place and cover with a raincoat or film. The duration of the lunch break is 2-4 hours. Winter lunch break much shorter than summer: its duration depends on the speed of making a fire and preparing hot food, usually consisting of tea or a few dishes. Stopping for lunch, you should, without removing backpacks and skis, first trample the snow on the camp site. Then the leader distributes responsibilities among the members of the group: who will dig a pit or make flooring for a fire, who will go for fuel, who will kindle a fire. The main thing in organizing a winter halt is the active participation of all tourists in this. Only in this way can it be carried out quickly and prevent the cooling of the body during forced inactivity in the cold. Overnight stays and overnight stays in the field Organization of lodging and overnight stays in many ways resembles the organization of a lunch halt. However, it requires the additional involvement of several tourists to set up tents and camp equipment. They procure fuel for a fire, equip a fire pit, clear the territory of the camp, build benches, hangers, dryers from improvised material (Fig. 7.1), dig a pit for garbage, clear a descent to the water if necessary, etc. In winter, these tourists, depending on the specific travel conditions and the equipment used, dig a pit for a tent, tamp the path from the tent to the fire, build a windproof wall, etc. keeping the tent warm all night). Considering that the organization of overnight accommodation takes up to two hours in summer, and up to three hours in winter, a stop should be made long before dark.
Rice. 7.1. Drying clothes and shoes by the fire Overnight and day mode. The right regimen helps ensure travelers get proper rest and sleep. Novice tourists often sit by the fire well after midnight and obviously do not get enough sleep. Therefore, the head announces in advance the time of the general lights out (usually at 23.00) and after it does not allow conversations and noise in the camp. At overnight stays and day camps, certain time is allotted for checking and repairing personal equipment and clothing, for socially useful work and observing nature, and the remaining time for entertainment, physical exercises, sports games, training, fishing, picking mushrooms, berries, etc. The day should also be used for better acquaintance with the surrounding area, excursions and walks. Curtailment of the tourist camp. Group gatherings begin with packing backpacks. In winter or when it rains, backpacks are packed in a tent. In clear and warm weather, all things are pulled out of the tent, and then the entrance and the window are opened wide so that it is easily blown and dried out. If the tent is very frosty during a frosty night or gets wet from the rain, it is dried by the fire. Non-transportable pegs and racks are pulled out of the ground and placed along with the remains of firewood near the fire. Camp facilities - barriers, benches, tables - do not break - they can be useful to other tourists. The remains of unnecessary food are neatly folded aside - this is a gift from tourists to forest animals. But branches, moss, grass from the bedding under the tents, as well as other garbage (torn pieces of paper, wood chips) are carefully collected from the camp site and burned, after which they rake and extinguish the fire, flooding it with water, throwing earth, snow, laying turf. Before leaving the halt, the leader lines up the group and checks whether everything is present, whether any things have been forgotten, whether the fire has been carefully extinguished and whether the place for the night or day has been tidied up. Accommodations and overnight stays in settlements and camp sites Accommodations in settlements. In conditions of amateur travel, they are usually arranged only in the cold season, as well as when tourists are unprepared and do not have the necessary equipment. When planning such overnight stays, it is recommended to contact the local authorities in advance and agree on a specific stopover place - in a hotel, club, rural school. If, for some reason, the tourists could not do this, an hour before arrival, two or three “lodgers” from strong tourists should be sent ahead, whose responsibility is to prepare the place for the reception of the entire group. They can play the role of attendants and prepare a hot dinner for the arrival of the others. Accommodations and days at camp sites. Tourist bases accept amateur tourists within the limits of the places allocated for this purpose, or on free places intended for tourists arriving on tours. Servicing of amateur tourists is carried out upon presentation of passports, as well as route sheets and other documents confirming the route of the tourist group. Places at tourist bases are provided, as a rule, for no more than five days, and service is provided for cash. The service includes: accommodation in buildings or tents, meals in the canteens of tourist bases, excursion services at a set cost, rental of existing tourist equipment, use of a left-luggage office, etc. Meals are provided both in the form of a full daily ration, and separately in the form of breakfasts, lunches and dinners. Amateur tourists living in tourist camps in their own tents pay only for household services, using on an equal footing with other tourists all types of cultural and community services (medical care, tourism consultations, lectures, a library, lockers, showers, etc.). ). All tourists are required to comply with the internal regulations in force at the tourist bases.Author: Mikhailov L.A.
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