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Military symbols and rituals. Basics of safe life

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Banners are one of the most ancient military symbols. Initially, their role was played by figures (eagle, falcon, owl, etc.) placed at the top of the shaft. In the XNUMXth century. The banner became such a symbol in Rus', and at the end of the XNUMXth - beginning of the XNUMXth centuries. - banner. In battles, banners and flags indicated the location of military leaders and individual units, the center of the battle order. A fallen banner meant defeat.

In the 1716th century Peter I established the shape and designs for the banners of various units. The status of the banner was determined in the Military Regulations of XNUMX. The oath of allegiance to the service of the sovereign and the state was taken under unfurled banners and contained the obligation “... never to leave the company and the banner, but while I am alive, I will certainly follow them voluntarily and faithfully... He who does not carry his banner until the last hour of his life protects, he is not worthy to bear the name of a soldier." In the Russian army, soldiers were taught that the banner is a sacred military banner, under which all warriors faithful to their duty gather and with which they go into battle with the enemy. The banner was a reminder to the soldier that he had sworn an oath to serve the Motherland, not sparing life itself. The greatest shame for the unit was the loss of its banner. Such a unit was disbanded, and the people who were directly entrusted with guarding the banner were subject to serious punishment, including the death penalty.

The first military banners appeared in the Red Army in 1918. In June 1926, a unified standard of banners for Red Army units was approved. Since 1975, all military banners began to be called combat flags.

The Charter of the Internal Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on December 14, 1993, defines: “The Battle Banner of a military unit is a particularly honorable sign that distinguishes the characteristics of the combat mission, history and merits of the military unit, as well as indicating its belonging to the Armed Forces Forces of the Russian Federation. It is a symbol of military honor, valor and glory, serves as a reminder to every military personnel of the heroic traditions and sacred duty of defending the Fatherland. The Battle Banner is presented to military units upon their formation on behalf of the President of the Russian Federation by a representative of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and is retained by the military unit for all time, regardless of changes in name and numbering. These changes are entered into the Certificate of the President of the Russian Federation, issued upon presentation of the Battle Banner. The Banner is always with its military unit, and on the battlefield - in the area of ​​​​combat operations. All personnel of the unit are obliged to selflessly and courageously defend the Battle Banner in battle and prevent it from being captured by the enemy. If the Battle Banner is lost, the commander of the military unit and the military personnel directly responsible for such disgrace are subject to trial, and the military unit is subject to disbandment.

The naval flag of the Russian Federation, hoisted on a ship of the Navy, is the Battle Banner of the ship and symbolizes its statehood and inviolability."

The Battle Banner is brought to the military unit on especially solemn occasions: when military personnel take the Military Oath, on the day of the annual holiday of the military unit, on the days of delivery of weapons and military equipment to personnel. The Battle Banner may be carried to a military unit by decision of the unit commander when seeing off soldiers and sergeants transferred to the reserve. The banner is always guarded by a guard, and when it is taken to a military unit, it is guarded by a banner platoon.

An important symbol of honor, valor and glory are orders and medals. This symbol also has an ancient history and rich traditions. Even in ancient times, people, expressing gratitude to their fellow tribesmen for courage and skill, allowed the most worthy to wear symbols of hunting skill - animal fangs, skins, bird feathers. In the ancient era, a fairly harmonious system of military awards appeared. Thus, Roman soldiers who distinguished themselves in battle and showed particular courage in battle were awarded an honorary badge in the form of a wreath or crown. For example, the warrior who was the first to climb the wall of an enemy fortress was awarded a wreath with a miniature image of the fortress wall. In the Middle Ages, a new type of awards appeared in Europe, called the order. These awards usually took the form of a cross or star. Their origin is connected with semi-military, semi-monastic organizations - orders (Livonian, Teutonic, Templar, etc.). Members of the order considered military affairs their profession. Persons who joined the order received the right to wear the insignia of this order (cross and star).

In Russia, the first orders appeared at the very end of the 1699th century. In XNUMX, Peter I established the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called with the motto “For Faith and Fidelity.” It was a cross of a special shape in the form of the letter “X” with the image of St. Andrew the First-Called. The order was worn on a wide blue ribbon. The star of the order had eight rays emerging from a round medallion with the image of St. Andrew's Cross. Around the medallion was the inscription: “For faith and fidelity.”

During the Russian-Turkish War in 1769, the Imperial Military Order of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George was established with the motto “For Service and Bravery.” The Order was awarded to officers and generals for special distinctions. The statute of the order, signed by Catherine II, stated: “Neither high family, nor previous merits, nor received wounds are taken into account when being certified for the Order of St. George; it is awarded only to the one who not only fulfilled his duty in everything according to the oath, honor and duty, but in addition to this he marked himself for the benefit and glory of Russian weapons with a special distinction.” The Order of St. George had four degrees, and first the recipient had to be presented to the 4th lowest degree, then to the 3rd, then to the 2nd and 1st. The Order of St. George was required to be worn at all times and on any clothing.

The outstanding Russian commander Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov was a full holder of the Order of St. George: he was awarded the order of the 4th degree for the defeat of the Turks near the village of Shumy (1774), the 3rd degree - for participation in the assault on Ochakov, the 2nd degree - for courage in taking Izmail, 1st degree - for command of the Russian army in the Battle of Borodino. In 1807, Emperor Alexander I established the insignia of this military order, also of four degrees, for soldiers and non-commissioned officers. The first two degrees were a gold cross, and the next two were a silver cross on a St. George ribbon. Among the first to be awarded the military silver badge of the St. George Cross were the partisan peasants Vasilisa Kozhina, Ermolai Chetvertakov and Gerasim Kurin, who distinguished themselves during the Patriotic War of 1812. In 1913, a new set of awards was approved. Among these awards was the soldier's cross, called St. George's, which had four degrees. Those awarded all four degrees wore these crosses on a common bow and were called full Knights of St. George.

The first Soviet order was the Order of the Red Banner, which was established in 1918. The regulations on the order stipulated that it was awarded to citizens of the RSFSR who showed particular bravery and courage during combat activities. In 1930, the Order of Lenin was established as the highest state award and the Order of the Red Star. In April 1934, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was established, which did not have a special order insignia. The recipients were awarded the Order of Lenin and a personal certificate. In 1939, a badge was introduced - the Gold Star medal, which was awarded to Heroes of the Soviet Union along with the Order of Lenin.

During the Great Patriotic War, special military awards were introduced to reward those who distinguished themselves. In May 1942, the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st and 2nd degrees was established, and in July 1942 the Orders of Suvorov, Kutuzov and Alexander Nevsky were established. In November 1943, the sign and statute of the Order of Victory, the highest military order, were approved. This is the most expensive award badge, which is a platinum star with ruby ​​rays bordered by diamonds. The diameter of the star is 72 mm, the weight of diamonds is 16 carats. In total, 12 people were awarded this order. The first among them was awarded to Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov. In November 1943, the Order of Glory of three degrees was established for privates and sergeants. It was a star with the image of the Spasskaya Tower and the inscription “Glory” on the medallion. The Order of Glory was worn on a pentagonal block with a St. George ribbon. Persons awarded all three degrees of the order were called full holders of the Order of Glory and were equal in rights to Heroes of the Soviet Union. In total, during the existence of the Soviet Union, 20 orders and 54 medals were established.

After the collapse of the USSR, a new award system began to take shape in Russia. In March 1992, the title of Hero of the Russian Federation was established and the insignia - the Gold Star medal - was approved. In 1994-1995 Orders were established: "For Services to the Fatherland" of four degrees, the Order of Courage, the Order of Military Merit, the Order of Honor, the Order of Friendship, the Order of Zhukov. In 1998, the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called was approved. In August 2000, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Order of St. George of four degrees and the insignia of the order - the St. George Cross of four degrees were introduced. The system of state awards of the Russian Federation also includes medals: “For services to the Fatherland”, “For courage”, “Defender of a free Russia”, “For saving the dead”, Suvorov, Ushakov, Nesterov, Zhukov, “For excellence in protecting the state border” , "50 years of victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945", "300 years of the Russian Navy", "In memory of the 850th anniversary of Moscow", Pushkin.

Important military symbols are military uniforms and insignia of military personnel, which indicate membership in the Armed Forces, specific types and branches of the military, military ranks, specialties and professions.

Military uniforms and insignia according to military ranks of military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies are approved by the President of the Russian Federation and are protected by the Patent Law of the Russian Federation.

Ritual - this is a solemn official act, during which a certain order (ceremonial) is established. Rituals held in military units express the high, noble ideals of defending the Fatherland, loyalty to military duty, the Military Oath, and the Battle Banner of the unit. The Charter of the Internal Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation specifically clearly defines the procedure (ceremonial) for taking the Military Oath, presenting the Battle Banner of a military unit, presenting personal weapons and military equipment to military personnel, and the procedure for seeing off military personnel transferred to the reserve and retired.

Ritual of taking the military oath

A citizen of the Russian Federation who has entered military service for the first time takes the Military Oath in front of the State Flag of the Russian Federation and the Battle Banner of the military unit.

The following text of the Military Oath has been approved in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation:

“I, (last name, first name, patronymic), solemnly swear allegiance to my Motherland - the Russian Federation. I swear to sacredly observe its Constitution and laws, strictly comply with the requirements of military regulations, orders of commanders and superiors. I swear to honorably fulfill military duty, courageously defend freedom, independence and constitutional system of Russia, people and Fatherland."

The time for taking the Military Oath is announced in the order of the commander of the military unit. At the appointed time, the military unit is formed in front under the Battle Banner and the State Flag of the Russian Federation, and in wartime in field uniform, with weapons. Military personnel taking the Military Oath are in the first ranks. The unit commander, in a brief speech, reminds the soldiers of the meaning of the Military Oath and of the honorable and responsible duty that is assigned to military personnel after they take the oath. After this, the commander of the military unit orders the unit commanders to begin taking the Military Oath. The commanders of companies and other units take turns calling the military personnel out of formation to take the oath. Each of them reads the text of the oath aloud before the formation of the unit, signs with his own hand on a special list in the column opposite his name and takes his place in the formation. At the end of the ceremony, lists with personal signatures of military personnel who have taken the Military Oath are presented by unit commanders to the commander of the military unit. The unit commander congratulates the military personnel on taking the oath, and the entire unit on the new addition. After this, the orchestra performs the National Anthem, and then the military unit marches in a solemn march. The day of taking the Military Oath is a non-working day for a military unit and is celebrated as a holiday.

The ritual of presenting the battle banner of a military unit

To carry the Battle Banner to the place of presentation at the disposal of the commander who has arrived for this purpose, the commander of the military unit appoints a flag bearer and two assistants from sergeants, warrant officers or officers and a banner platoon.

At the appointed time, the flag bearer, following the person who arrived for presentation, carries the banner in a case to the place where the military unit is being built. At the same time, he holds the banner on his left shoulder, and assistants follow him to the right and left. When the commander, who has arrived to present the banner, approaches 40-50 steps to the formation, the unit commander gives the command: “Regiment, under the banner, to attention, alignment to the right!” The orchestra performs the "Counter March". The unit commander, having given the command, puts his hand on the headdress, approaches the person who has arrived for the presentation, and reports to him that the regiment has been built for the occasion of the presentation of the Battle Banner. At the moment of the report, the orchestra stops playing, and the flag bearer places the banner vertically to his right foot. The commander who arrived to present the banner, having accepted the report, stands in front of the middle of the line, greets the military personnel and approaches the flag bearer. The bannerman tilts the banner and holds it horizontally. The presenter removes the cover and unfurls the Battle Banner. After this, the flag bearer, placing the banner vertically and holding it with his right hand, stands facing the line. The person presenting the banner reads out the Certificate of the President of the Russian Federation, after which he presents the Battle Banner and the certificate to the commander of the military unit. At this time, the orchestra performs the National Anthem of the Russian Federation. The commander, having accepted the Battle Banner and the certificate, after the orchestra has finished performing the National Anthem, hands it over to the flag bearer. The bannerman takes the banner on his left shoulder and follows the commander. The commander of the military unit, three steps behind him, the flag bearer with the Battle Banner and assistants follow to the left flank of the formation, and then walk along the front of the formation of the military unit to the right flank. During their movement, the orchestra performs the “Counter March”, and the soldiers of the unit greet the Battle Banner with a drawn-out “Hurray!” The unit commander, having reached the right flank, orders the flag bearer and his assistants to take their place in the ranks. Then he gives a sign to the orchestra to stop playing, goes to the middle of the formation and stops next to the person who presented the Battle Banner, and, at his direction, gives the command “At ease!” The commander who presented the Battle Banner congratulates the military unit on receiving it. The unit’s personnel respond to congratulations with three drawn-out “Hurray!” After this, the unit commander speaks in response. At the end of the ritual, the military unit marches through a solemn march.

The ritual of handing weapons and military equipment to personnel

Arms and military equipment are assigned to military personnel after they take the Military Oath. The time and order of their delivery are determined by order of the commander of the military unit. At the appointed time, the unit lines up on foot with weapons under the Battle Banner and with an orchestra. Small arms to be handed over are taken to the formation site and laid out on tables 10 m from the formation. Other weapons and military equipment are handed over at their storage sites. Before handing over weapons and equipment, the unit commander, in a brief speech, reminds the military personnel of the requirements of military regulations about mastery of the entrusted weapons and military equipment, constantly maintaining them in readiness for use to defend the Fatherland. Then an order is announced to assign weapons and military equipment to crew members (crews), drivers and other unit officials, and the unit commander orders the unit commanders to begin handing over small arms. The commanders of companies (batteries) and other units take turns calling military personnel out of formation and handing them weapons. Having completed the presentation of small arms, unit commanders take the military personnel to the storage areas for weapons and military equipment. Personnel for receiving weapons and military equipment are lined up by crew (according to calculations) and, at the command of the unit commander, check their condition and completeness. Unit commanders accept reports from crew commanders (crews), drivers (driver mechanics) or other persons to whom weapons or military equipment are assigned, and hand them forms (passports) on which the military personnel sign. From this moment on, warriors are responsible for assigned weapons and military equipment. After the delivery of equipment and weapons, unit commanders line up their personnel in the place indicated by the unit commander and report to him about their delivery. The unit commander congratulates the personnel on this event. The ritual of presenting weapons and military equipment ends with a ceremonial march through the military unit.

Ritual of seeing off servicemen retired and retired

Authors: Smirnov A.T., Shakhramanyan M.A., Durnev R.A., Kryuchek N.A.

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