Storm survival. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Free library / Directory / Basics of safe life

Storm survival. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Warm air in the form of ascending currents, rising up, cools, its humidity reaches 100%, and drops of moisture form dark cumulus-thunderstorm clouds. Storm represents a huge danger to a person, the prevention of which is almost impossible without the ability to use certain knowledge and specific preventive measures. Thunderstorms mainly occur in the spring-summer period and to a greater extent - in mountainous areas.

Direct and indirect hits. A person standing in a field may be the tallest object in the vicinity. A golfer can not only be the tallest, but also have a lightning rod in his hands - a club. The most dangerous defeat occurs due to a direct lightning strike and the action of Foucault currents that occur in the human body if it is near a direct defeat. In both cases, the outcome will be fatal. However, usually a lightning strike is not directed in a straight line. Most often, people are struck when lightning strikes an object located near them - usually a tree under which they are standing.

There are so-called warning zone possibility of being struck by lightning.

First warning zone: the human body perceives a change in the electrical potential of a certain space as a result of lightning discharges - in the form of a slight tingling in the area of \uXNUMXb\uXNUMXbthe palms, soles or any part of the body that has touched the relief of the earth's surface (the state of "goosebumps").

Next - last warning zone or the "fire of St. Elmo" zone. In ionized air, the potential is not yet sufficient to be discharged to the earth's surface in the form of lightning, but it is quite sufficient to gradually discharge through ionized air, "draining", moving along sharp relief forms with blue-blue "lights". At the same time, a slight crackling is heard. The hair on the head becomes so electrified that it “moves”, “stands on end”, and makes a crackling sound. In the fingertips, nose, earlobes of a person in this zone, tingling is felt.

There is a certain danger earth currents. When lightning strikes the earth's surface, an electric charge penetrates to a certain depth. Currents pass into the thickness of the earth along the paths of least resistance: along wet soil, roots, veins of metal ores, along moisture in cracks, etc. Separate sections separated by rock with high resistance are objects for a potential difference. The farther such objects are from each other, the greater the potential difference between them. There is a so-called step voltage. Having settled down on a slope, it is possible to connect such areas with the points of contact of the body, and then electric shock cannot be avoided.

An important precaution is the posture, the position of the body of a person caught in a thunderstorm. If you feel your skin tingle and the ends of your hair rise, then a thunderstorm is dangerously close. Turn into the smallest possible target. The recommended posture is as follows: sit down with your knees bent over with your head and hands on your knees. Keep only your toes on the ground to reduce the ground area. This posture has practically justified itself (Fig. 23).

Fig. 23. Thunderstorm safety zone (shaded) (click to enlarge)

What should you do when a thunderstorm approaches and during it in order to protect yourself as much as possible?

When a storm front approaches, you should try to find a safe place and set up camp. It is necessary to avoid convex landforms, as well as places where there are broken, burnt trees. It is necessary to descend from the heights: ridges, hills, rocky ledges. If you are on the water - hurry to the shore. In the forest, it is best to hide among low trees with dense crowns. In the mountains, a place for a bivouac should be chosen at a distance of 3-8 m from a high (not lower than 10-15 m) vertical plumb line. It is undesirable to seek shelter from a thunderstorm in small grottoes, rock pits, depressions: there is a risk of being struck by the current of the Earth. In caves, grottoes, large depressions, you can not be located at the entrance, stand up to your full height or lie down. If a thunderstorm caught you in an open area, then you need to hide in a dry hole, ditch, or ravine. It is necessary to know that sandy and rocky soils are safer than clay soils.

Just before the start of a thunderstorm, there is usually a lull or the wind changes direction, squalls come in, and then it starts to rain. It is better to put up and fix the tent well before the rain, cover the roof with plastic wrap, strengthening it well. All metal objects - axes, saws, knives, dishes, carbines, radios, etc. - must be folded at a distance of 15-20 m from the location of people. It is advisable, if necessary, to change into dry clothes, and squeeze out wet ones. Wet clothes and body increase the risk of being struck by lightning.

After setting up the tent, position yourself in it as follows. You need to sit down, placing a backpack, rope, polyethylene, spruce branches, tree trunks, clothes under you. This isolates you from the ground. The body should have the least contact with the ground. Sit in a grouped position with your back bent and your head resting on your knees bent, with the soles of your feet joined together.

If a thunderstorm caught a group on the way, then you need to disperse, go one at a time, slowly. It is extremely dangerous to be near a fire during a thunderstorm, since the heated column of air becomes a good conductor. In this case, a lightning strike will have to be in a fire.

The distance to an approaching thunderstorm can be determined by counting the seconds separating the flash of lightning from the sound of the first roll of thunder: 1s - distance of approximately 300-400 m, 2s - 600-800m, 3s - approximately 1 km, etc. times, you can calculate the speed of propagation of a thunderstorm.

Consequently, the During a thunderstorm, do not:

take cover near lone trees or under trees protruding above nearby ones; it must be remembered that lightning most often strikes oaks, poplars, elms, less often - spruce, pine, especially rarely - birch, maple.
lean or touch while moving or resting against rocks and sheer walls;
stop at the edges of the forest, glades;
walk or stop in places where water flows or near bodies of water (there is a risk of flooding);
hide under rocky canopies, free-standing trees, in convertibles;
be near a fire;
run and fuss;
run through an open place in search of shelter: lightning may strike;
move in a tight group;
be in wet clothes;
stay on top;
to be near watercourses in crevices: even small cracks during a thunderstorm become conductors of electricity.

Other Precautions:

during a thunderstorm, do not touch metal objects: fishing rods, antennas can become a lightning rod and attract lightning;
do not use the telephone and electrical appliances (it is better to turn them off).

To avoid the damaging effects of lightning indoors:

close windows, vents;
do not take a shower or bath until the thunderstorm is over;
be aware that the sound of a lightning bolt can burst your eardrums. In addition, a person may experience a heart shock from a lightning strike (the heart of a person struck by lightning often begins to beat arbitrarily).

The path of lightning through the body. Lightning instantly makes its way through the human body. Having entered, leaving an entrance burn, it can exit through one or both legs, leaving an exit burn. On the path between entry and exit, lightning causes significant damage.

Here are some Examples:

internal organs, especially those containing air, can be damaged (air heats up and conducts electricity poorly);
there is a possibility of muscle damage;
substances released by injured muscles can harm the kidneys;
bones can be broken, the spine due to sharp muscle contractions.

Symptoms. A person struck by lightning often stops breathing; most people can lose consciousness for a while. Almost everyone's consciousness is clouded, and subsequently they do not remember anything about what happened. Many victims are temporarily deprived of their legs, and some even develop permanent paralysis.

The consequences of a lightning strike can also be:

loss of orientation;
dizziness;
the disappearance of speech;
shock (in which symptoms such as excitement, anxiety, rapid pulse and breathing, clouding of consciousness are possible).

What to do?

If you have witnessed a lightning strike on people, specify the number of victims. Send someone to call an ambulance. If more than one person is affected, treat those who are not breathing first. Feel the pulse: if there is none, proceed to chest compressions.

If there is a pulse, begin to restore the victim's breathing (mouth-to-mouth method). Give artificial respiration until the ambulance arrives.

What to do if the thunderstorm continues?

Move the victim to a safe place, preferably indoors. Do not worry - for you, touching the victim is not dangerous. Lay him down with his legs elevated by 15-30 cm, wrap him in a coat or blanket, and seek medical attention without delay. Even if a person is conscious and able to speak, he may have significant internal damage.

What are doctors doing?

The victim is given oxygen; continue artificial respiration if necessary. Some people need these measures for many more hours after their heartbeat returns.

Doctors constantly monitor the heart rate of the victim. They set up an intravenous drip, treat burns and splint fractures, and check for internal bleeding, abdominal trauma, and hidden fractures. The functions of the nervous system are checked.

What else do you need to know?

With a lightning discharge voltage of up to 100 million volts, the maximum current strength is 200 thousand amperes. So why do most of those struck by lightning survive? The fact is that the electric current of lightning is not variable, as in houses, but constant, so it is less dangerous. In addition, the lightning discharge is extremely short, which reduces the risk of a short circuit in the electrical circuits of the body. Remember that not every lightning strike is fatal!

The chance of being struck by lightning is about one in 600. However, on average, about 000 people are injured and about 300 people are killed by lightning each year.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

We recommend interesting articles Section Basics of safe life:

▪ Tobacco smoke, its components, the impact on others

▪ Individual protection against modern weapons

▪ Storm

See other articles Section Basics of safe life.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Artificial leather for touch emulation 15.04.2024

In a modern technology world where distance is becoming increasingly commonplace, maintaining connection and a sense of closeness is important. Recent developments in artificial skin by German scientists from Saarland University represent a new era in virtual interactions. German researchers from Saarland University have developed ultra-thin films that can transmit the sensation of touch over a distance. This cutting-edge technology provides new opportunities for virtual communication, especially for those who find themselves far from their loved ones. The ultra-thin films developed by the researchers, just 50 micrometers thick, can be integrated into textiles and worn like a second skin. These films act as sensors that recognize tactile signals from mom or dad, and as actuators that transmit these movements to the baby. Parents' touch to the fabric activates sensors that react to pressure and deform the ultra-thin film. This ... >>

Petgugu Global cat litter 15.04.2024

Taking care of pets can often be a challenge, especially when it comes to keeping your home clean. A new interesting solution from the Petgugu Global startup has been presented, which will make life easier for cat owners and help them keep their home perfectly clean and tidy. Startup Petgugu Global has unveiled a unique cat toilet that can automatically flush feces, keeping your home clean and fresh. This innovative device is equipped with various smart sensors that monitor your pet's toilet activity and activate to automatically clean after use. The device connects to the sewer system and ensures efficient waste removal without the need for intervention from the owner. Additionally, the toilet has a large flushable storage capacity, making it ideal for multi-cat households. The Petgugu cat litter bowl is designed for use with water-soluble litters and offers a range of additional ... >>

The attractiveness of caring men 14.04.2024

The stereotype that women prefer "bad boys" has long been widespread. However, recent research conducted by British scientists from Monash University offers a new perspective on this issue. They looked at how women responded to men's emotional responsibility and willingness to help others. The study's findings could change our understanding of what makes men attractive to women. A study conducted by scientists from Monash University leads to new findings about men's attractiveness to women. In the experiment, women were shown photographs of men with brief stories about their behavior in various situations, including their reaction to an encounter with a homeless person. Some of the men ignored the homeless man, while others helped him, such as buying him food. A study found that men who showed empathy and kindness were more attractive to women compared to men who showed empathy and kindness. ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Adata SD600 SSD 10.03.2017

Adata Technology, a manufacturer of memory modules, drives and mobile accessories, has introduced the SD600 external SSD based on 3D TLC NAND memory. The novelty has two capacity options - 256 GB and 512 GB, and provides read and write speeds of 440 MB / s and 430 MB / s, weighs 90 g and is widely compatible (Windows PC, Xbox One, PS4 and Android). The SD600 is available in black and red/black.

The novelty provides read and write speeds of 440 MB / s and 430 MB / s. The SD600 is four times faster than its spindle counterparts, delivering faster load times and better performance in games and applications.

The SD600 model is based on 3D TLC NAND Flash technology. Adata, like the rest of the industry, is moving to the new 3D/bulk memory as it has greater data density, reliability and lifetime than 2D/planar memory, the company said.

Thanks to DRAM and SLC caches, the SD600 does not slow down in case of heavy workloads and large files. Of particular interest is the SLC cache, which allows the drive to partially operate in pseudo-SLC mode (pSLC), which is effective when working with priority tasks, Adata said.

The SD600 fits easily into your pocket or bag. The device connects via USB 3.1 and is compatible with Windows desktops and laptops, Xbox One, PS4 and Android devices. The case is covered with impact-resistant material.

Other interesting news:

▪ Paralyzed rats cured

▪ Huawei Ascend D quad Quad-core Smartphone

▪ Magnetic gearbox without gears

▪ Alibaba Tmall Genie Home Assistant

▪ Brother ADS-1100W and ADS-1600W Compact Scanners

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Factory technology at home. Article selection

▪ the article will stop the galloping horse, enter the burning hut. Popular expression

▪ article What are two places on the planet where you can visit glass beaches? Detailed answer

▪ article Insurance agent. Job description

▪ Article Means for washing hair. Simple recipes and tips

▪ article Video splitter. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews