Where are two places in the world where you can visit glass beaches? Detailed answer

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Where are two places in the world where you can visit glass beaches? Detailed answer

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Where are two places in the world where you can visit glass beaches?

In California, Glass Beach is very popular with tourists - once there was a landfill here, but over time, the sea polished pieces of glass, and unprocessed garbage was removed. Not so long ago, in the same way, the sea created a beach near Vladivostok, called Steklyannaya Bay.

Multi-colored glass pieces, as well as turned fragments of porcelain and brick, make up most of the beach coverage.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

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Whose full-height advertisements for the Eiffel Tower ran from 1925 to 1934?

From 1925 to 1934, the Eiffel Tower was a gigantic advertising medium. It was rented by Andre Citroen, the founder of the Citroen concern, who installed 125 light bulbs on the tower. In addition to the name of the company, star rain, comets and signs of the zodiac flashed on the high-rise.

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Stem cells have been trained to produce insulin 27.01.2019

UC San Francisco turned stem cells into functional beta cells that can produce insulin on their own.

Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body loses its ability to produce insulin on its own. This, in turn, is a consequence of the destruction of the immunity of pancreatic cells, and therefore patients have to regularly do all the "work" for them and manually inject themselves with the required hormone. In general, they can lead a full life, but they have an increased risk of developing kidney failure, heart disease, stroke, and a number of other pathologies. Yes, sometimes insulin therapy is replaced by the implantation of new beta cells - but this is a rare resource that requires donors.

To solve the problem, researchers have been working for a long time to turn stem cells into full-fledged pancreatic beta cells, but the task was not an easy one. "The cells that we and other researchers created were immature - and therefore could not properly respond to blood glucose and did not produce insulin," explains Herbock.

The solution came when scientists decided to implant stem cells directly into the pancreas. As a result of this process, the stem cells did not merge with native tissues, but formed a kind of protrusion - "islands" of the pancreas. The team examined them in a petri dish, artificially increasing the number of such clusters. As a result, pancreatic cells matured and functioned just like regular insulin-producing cells!

When these cells were transplanted into mice for testing purposes, the results exceeded all expectations: in just a few days, the artificial stem culture became involved in metabolic processes and began to produce insulin in response to changes in blood sugar levels. However, it is too early to talk about universal therapy: the study is still ongoing, and scientists fear that if a diabetic is transplanted with a culture, his immune system will simply destroy them. Thus, in order to live without diabetes, patients will have to take immune-suppressing drugs for life.

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