Individual protection against modern means of destruction. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Individual protection against modern means of destruction. Fundamentals of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Almost daily in different regions of the country, sometimes on the same territory, emergency situations arise, sometimes resembling wartime situations.

The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, as a result of which the reactor was destroyed and a large area with people, animals and plants on it was subjected to radioactive contamination; accidents on railway transport during the transportation of potent, toxic and explosive substances, as well as at chemical industry enterprises and large chemical plants that use these substances in production, and other similar events each time indicate that outbreaks are possible in peacetime mass destruction and loss of life.

The ability to behave during an emergency is not only the correct actions in response to civil defense signals, but also the knowledge that makes it possible to defend oneself and save one's loved ones and other people by preparing and applying individual means of protection against weapons of mass destruction.

Actions on civil defense warning signals:

on the signal "Air raid!": quickly leave the premises and take cover in the nearest shelter, anti-radiation or other shelter; act calmly, without panic.
on the signal "All-clear air raid alarm": with the permission of the commandant, leave the shelter (shelter); return to work.
at the signal "Radiation danger!": put on a gas mask, cotton-gauze bandage or anti-dust fabric mask; take a supply of food, documents, essentials and take shelter in a shelter or radiation shelter.
on the signal "Chemical alarm!": quickly put on a gas mask and protective clothing, take cover in a shelter.

Making a cotton-gauze bandage

Spread a piece of gauze 100 x 50 cm on the table, put a uniform layer of cotton wool 30 x 20 cm in size and 1-2 cm thick in the middle of the piece, wrap the gauze on both sides. The remaining long ends (25-30 cm each) are cut along each side for tying. Then put on a bandage so that it covers the bottom of the chin, mouth and nose to the eye sockets. Tie the cut ends of the bandage crosswise: the upper ones on the back of the head, the lower ones - on the crown of the head. If the bandage is loose on the nose and cheeks, make a cotton pad.

Wear dust-proof goggles to protect your eyes.

Selection and use of the R-2 respirator

When choosing a R-2 respirator, measure the height of the face - the distance between the point of the deepest nose bridge and the lowest point of the chin. The size of the respirator is indicated on the inner chin of the half mask. Three respirator sizes are accepted:

1st size - with a face height of up to 109 cm;
2nd - with a face height of 110 to 119 cm;
3rd - with a face height of 120 cm or more.

When using the R-2 respirator, it is necessary to periodically check the tightness of the half mask to the face. With abundant release of moisture, remove the respirator for 1-2 minutes (only when used to protect against RV), remove moisture from the half mask, wipe the inner surface and put on the respirator. After removing the respirator, decontaminate it by removing dust from the outer part of the half mask by shaking it out or gently tapping it on some object. Wipe the inner surface of the half mask with a damp swab.

Selection and use of gas mask GP-5

The following sequence of actions is required:

1. Choose a helmet-mask in size, for which measure the circumference of the head with a centimeter tape along the conditional circle passing through the top of the head, chin and cheeks (round measurements to 0,5 cm).

The size of the helmet-mask is determined by the size of the head circumference:

"zero" size - up to 63 cm;
1st - from 63,3 to 65 cm;
2st - from 65,5 to 68 cm;
3st - from 68,5 to 70,5 cm;
4th - 71 cm or more.

2. In order to disinfect, wipe the helmet-mask with alcohol or 2% formalin solution.

3. Screw the gas mask box to the helmet mask; conduct an external inspection of the gas mask and check it for leaks; put on a helmet-mask; remove the box from the bag, close the hole in the bottom of the box with a rubber stopper (hand) and take a deep breath: if the air passes under the front of the gas mask, then it is faulty. In this case, you should inspect the gas mask, determine the malfunction and eliminate it - or replace the gas mask.

Selection of a children's gas mask and putting it on a child

To protect the respiratory organs, eyes and face of children from 1,5 to 7 years old, a children's filtering gas mask PDF-d is used.

When choosing a gas mask for a child, you must:

measure the height of the face (the distance between the point of the greatest depression of the bridge of the nose and the lowest point of the chin) and its width (the distance between the most protruding points of the zygomatic arches), determine the size of the gas mask;
visually check the correctness of the gas mask. Put on a gas mask for children in the following order:
put a bra bag with a gas mask on the child so that the shoulder straps are located crosswise on the back, and the bag is placed on the child’s chest; the bottom edge of the bag should be at waist level (full position);
put the child between the knees with his back to you so that his head rests on your chest;
take the front part with the thumbs of both hands by the temporal and cervical ribbons in the chin area and put it on the child's chin;
moving the hands, pull the front part of the gas mask over the face and straighten the fixed cap on the back of the head;
tie ribbons.

To protect children aged 7 to 17 years old, use a school filtering gas mask PDF-sh.

If the height of the student's face is less than 85 mm, then a PDF-d gas mask of the 2nd size should be taken, and if the face height is more than 99 mm, a gas mask GP-5.

Checking, selection and adjustment of the front part of the gas mask for younger students is carried out by adults. Put on the gas mask in the same sequence as PDF-d.

Senior students put on a gas mask on their own (see above "Selection and use of a gas mask GP-5"). Adults must continuously supervise children wearing gas masks.

To protect infants outside shelters, a protective children's camera KZD-4 should be used. It is necessary to place the child in the cell and put the camera on an adult wearing a GP-5 gas mask. Adults supply air to the chamber with the help of hand fur - through a gas mask box attached to the chamber.

Using a damaged gas mask

In conditions of contaminated air, if a gas mask is damaged, it is necessary to be able to use the damaged one before receiving a serviceable gas mask:

in case of a slight rupture of the helmet-mask, tightly pinch the torn place with your fingers or press it with your palm to your face;
in case of a large rupture of the helmet-mask, broken goggle lenses or damage to the exhalation valves:

a) hold your breath, close your eyes and take off your helmet-mask;

b) unscrew the gas mask box from the helmet-mask and take the neck of the box into your mouth; pinch your nose and breathe through your mouth without opening your eyes;

in case of holes (punctures) in a gas mask box, cover the hole with clay, earth or bread crumb. To replace a damaged gas mask with a serviceable one, you must:
prepare a serviceable gas mask for quick donning and remove the headgear;
hold your breath, close your eyes and remove the damaged gas mask;
put on a working gas mask, exhale, open your eyes and resume breathing; fold the damaged gas mask into the bag in which the serviceable gas mask was delivered.

Preparation for the use of household and industrial clothing for protection against radioactive and poisonous substances

To protect against radioactive and toxic substances, in addition to standard-issue, improvised skin protection means - household and industrial clothing and footwear should be used. To protect against drop-liquid toxic substances (0V), use capes and raincoats made of rubberized fabric, vinyl chloride or polyethylene, coats made of drape, coarse cloth and leather, padded jackets, rubber boots and boots, galoshes and felt boots with galoshes, rubber and leather gloves, canvas gloves. The clothes are fastened with all buttons, the cuffs of the sleeves and trousers are tied with braid, and the raised collar is tied with a scarf; the neck and exposed parts of the head are protected by a hood.

For more reliable protection against radioactive and toxic substances, a set of protective clothing should be prepared: overalls made of dense fabric, a hood, stockings, gloves, a bib, having treated the entire set with a soap-oil emulsion.

To prepare 2,5 liters of soap-oil emulsion, take 250-300 g of crushed laundry soap and dissolve in 2 liters of hot water. When the soap is completely dissolved, add 0,5 l of mineral or vegetable oil to the hot solution, stir for 5-7 minutes and again, while stirring, heat up to a temperature of 60-70 ° C so that the emulsion becomes homogeneous. Prepare the solution in an enameled or aluminum container that can hold the entire set of clothes. After impregnation, wring out the clothes and dry them in the open air.

The use of funds from an individual first-aid kit AI-2

AI-2 preparations prevent or remove the effects of radioactive radiation, chemical and bacterial agents on the human body. Used as follows:

in case of fractures, wounds and burns - take a syringe tube with an analgesic agent (promedol) from socket No. 1 and inject its contents into the thigh or buttock;
on the signal "Chemical alarm!" take a tarena tablet from a red pencil case located in nest No. 2. If signs of poisoning with organophosphorus 0B increase, take another tarena tablet;
in case of gastrointestinal disorders that occur after radioactive exposure, take 7 tablets of sulfadimethoxine from nest No. 3 of the first-aid kit: on the first day in one dose, in the next two days - 4 more tablets each;
in case of a threat of radioactive exposure, take 30 tablets of cystamine (radioprotective agent No. 40 located in nest No. 6 - in two pink pencil cases) with water for 1-4 minutes. With a new threat, after 4-5 hours, take 6 more tablets;
in case of a threat of bacterial infection or in case of infection, as well as in case of wounds, burns, take 5 tablets of an antibacterial agent placed in two white pencil cases in slot No. 5 of the first-aid kit. The next 5 tablets should be taken after 6 hours;
if you suspect that you have eaten infected RV, you can take daily for 7-10 days one tablet of potassium iodide - radioprotective agent No. 2, located in the pencil case of nest No. 6;
immediately after irradiation, as well as when nausea occurs after a head injury, you should take a tablet of etaperazine, an antiemetic, placed in slot No. 7 in a blue pencil case;
it is recommended to repeat the reception of radioprotective tablets if necessary;
give children under 8 years of age all preparations from AI-2, 0,25 tablets each, except for radioprotective agent No. 2; children from 8 to 15 years old should be given 0,5 tablets of all drugs, and analgesic and radioprotective agent No. 2 - in full.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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