Emergencies at fire and explosive facilities. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Emergencies at fire and explosive facilities. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Fire and Explosive Facilities (PVOO) - enterprises that produce, store, transport explosive materials or materials that, under certain conditions, acquire the ability to ignite or explode.

According to explosive, explosive and fire hazards, all air defense facilities are divided into five categories: A, B, C, D, E. Objects belonging to categories A, B, C are especially dangerous.

Category A - oil refineries, chemical enterprises, oil and gas pipelines, pipelines with other fire and explosive products (ammonia, oxygen, etc.).

Category B - workshops for the preparation and transportation of coal dust, wood flour, powdered sugar, sacking and grinding departments of mills.

Category B - sawmills, woodworking, carpentry, model production.

Category D - metallurgical plants, thermal buildings, etc.

Category D - metalworking enterprises, machine tool shops, etc.

The occurrence of fires depends on the degree of fire resistance of buildings and structures, which is divided into five main groups (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). The first group of buildings has the highest degree of fire resistance, the fifth - the lowest. The degree of fire resistance of buildings and structures is determined by the minimum limits of fire resistance of building structures, the flammability of the materials of which they are composed, and the time of non-flammability.

Fires at large industrial enterprises are divided into two types:

1) separate (fires in a building or structure);

2) massive (a set of individual fires that engulfed more than 25% of buildings).

Causes and possible consequences of accidents at air defense facilities

Accidents at air defense facilities associated with severe explosions and fires can lead to severe social and economic consequences. They are caused by explosions of tanks and pipelines with flammable and explosive liquids and gases, short circuits in electrical wiring, explosions and ignition of certain substances and materials. Fires are most dangerous in administrative buildings, as the internal walls and ceiling slabs are lined with panels of combustible material. There are frequent fires from the ignition of combustible materials during transportation (this is often associated with the deterioration of tanks and equipment on them). During fires, with and without explosions, wires break in railway transport, which paralyzes all traffic.

In case of mass fires, an emergency situation arises, about which the population living near the main source of fire is immediately notified, and a complete evacuation is carried out.

In the last decade, the number of fires in schools, boarding schools, hospitals, hostels, entertainment establishments and other places has increased. During the same period, fires at military facilities, in particular at ammunition depots, became more frequent, with explosions of ammunition and loss of life. These fires occurred for various reasons: due to faulty electrical wiring, dilapidated buildings, improper operation of heating devices (fireplaces in the cold season), etc. Large casualties occurred due to the presence of iron bars on doors and windows, the lack of an emergency safe exit from buildings, etc.

Rules for safe behavior in case of fire and explosion threat:

1) report a fire to the fire brigade, voluntary fire brigade;

2) notify workers and employees, as well as the population living near the fire;

3) activate the evacuation plan, open emergency doors;

4) immediately use the primary means of extinguishing the fire (fire extinguishers);

5) prevent the spread of fire, use fire hydrants, a stationary fire extinguishing system;

6) emergency stop production, turn off ventilation, electrical equipment, shut off the supply of oil and other flammable liquids, drain them into emergency containers;

7) meet the fire departments and tell them where people could stay and how to get to them;

8) together with the divisions of the RSChS, remove people from the rubble;

9) together with the units of the RSChS, take people to a safe place, check whether all people have been evacuated, cordon off the area of the accident, help people who find themselves in burning buildings and smoky rooms.

Authors: Ivanyukov M.I., Alekseev V.S.

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