Types of service instruments and orientation aids. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Types of service instruments and orientation aids. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

The map

A map is a scaled down representation of the earth's surface. The types of cards are very diverse. The most accurate - topographic. However, tourists most often deal with regional maps and tourist maps.

Regional administrative maps issued for most regions of the Russian Federation give an idea of the location of settlements and allow you to see the image of a large area of the area.

Tourist maps are published for the most popular travel areas. They are less detailed and accurate than topographic maps, but contain data that is not on topographic maps (location of tourist bases, camps, sightseeing sites, the most picturesque places, etc.). Some maps show a particular route, others are provided with a detailed description of the area and sights encountered. For practical movement along the route, it is desirable to have a scheme (plan, sketches) of a larger scale.

Terrain map

It is usually performed on the basis of a map by redrawing the most important relief elements from it or by direct copying by squares (with enlargement). For copying, it is most convenient to use a photograph that allows any change in the scale of the original, or tracing with subsequent blueprinting. You can use plain paper. In this case, the card is placed on the glass, paper is placed on top of it, and an electric lamp is placed under the glass. The map pattern illuminated in this way is easy to transfer even to thick paper.

It is advisable to stick the scheme (map) on thin thick cardboard, cut it into small rectangles (according to the format of the existing tablet) and stick it on the fabric with 2-3 mm intervals between the rectangles. In this form, it can be easily rolled up like an accordion and kept from chafing. In order to protect the scheme (card) from rain, its surface should be covered with a colorless varnish.

Scale

Scale is the ratio of the length of a line on the map to the length of the corresponding line on the ground. The accuracy of the image of the area on the map, the completeness and detail of the map depend on its scale. There are two types of scales: numerical and linear.

The numerical scale is depicted as a fraction, the numerator of which is equal to one, and the denominator is a number showing how many times the actual length of the line is reduced on the map. For example: 1:250; 000:1.

The linear scale is represented by a straight line divided into centimeters or other equal parts. These parts are called the base of the scale. They correspond to a certain number (inscribed next to) meters or kilometers on the ground.

When zooming out, many details are not depicted in order not to load the map: this is how small turns and bends of roads, rivers and streams disappear. This should be taken into account when traveling. The length of a meandering river, a winding dirt road, a lake shore, measured on a small-scale map, will turn out to be much longer on the ground due to the fact that all these details are absent on the map, and only the general, general direction of the lines is given.

Author: Mikhailov L.A.

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