emergency of a geological nature. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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emergency of a geological nature. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Natural disasters associated with geological natural phenomena include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, mudflows, snow avalanches, landslides, precipitation of the earth's surface as a result of karst phenomena.

Earthquakes - these are tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface, resulting from sudden displacements and ruptures in the earth or upper part of the mantle and transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations. Earthquakes have always caused people of varying degrees of mental disorders, manifested in incorrect behavior. Richter scale - seismic scale magnitude, based on an estimate of the energy of seismic waves that occur during earthquakes.

There are two groups of anti-seismic measures:

1) preventive, preventive measures carried out before a possible earthquake;

2) activities carried out immediately before, during and after the earthquake.

The set of phenomena associated with the movement of magma in the earth's crust and on its surface is called volcanism.

Magma - this is a molten mass of predominantly silicate composition, formed in the deep zones of the Earth. Reaching the earth's surface, magma erupts in the form of lava.

Лава differs from magma in the absence of gases escaping during an eruption.

Volcanoes are divided into:

1) active;

2) asleep;

3) extinct.

Volcanic eruptions are long and short-term.

There are three main types of eruptions:

1) effusive (Hawaiian);

2) mixed;

3) strombolian;

4) extrusive (dome).

The interdependence of volcanic activity and earthquakes has been noticed. Preventive measures include changing the nature of land use, building dams to divert lava flows, bombarding the lava flow to mix the lava with the ground and turn it into a less liquid mass, etc.

Landslide - sliding displacement down the slope under the action of gravity of the soil masses that form the slopes of hills, mountains, river, lake and sea terraces.

Landslides are not catastrophic processes in which people die, but the damage they cause to the national economy is significant.

Seli - short-term brown floods on mountain rivers, having the character of mud-stone flows. Mudflows can be caused by earthquakes, heavy snowfalls, downpours, and intense snowmelt.

Avalanche - this is a snowfall, a mass of snow falling or sliding from the mountain slopes under the influence of some kind of influence and entraining new masses of snow on its way. An earthquake can be one of the triggers for an avalanche.

Anti-avalanche preventive measures are divided into:

1) passive;

2) active.

Passive methods consist in the use of supporting structures, dams, avalanche cutters, gouges. Active methods consist in artificially provoking an avalanche at a pre-selected time and subject to safety measures.

Author: Muradova E.O.

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Liquid metal remembers its original shape 17.12.2012

Scientists from Cornell University have created an organic metamaterial that can flow like a liquid, and then "remember" its shape and turn into a solid three-dimensional structure.

Under an electron microscope, the new material looks like a tiny bird's nest and is a hydrogel containing strands of synthetic DNA. Individual sections of DNA with a size of 1 micron serve as building blocks of a kind of Lego constructor and can be assembled into structures of various shapes. In this case, the gaps between the parts of the "constructor" create many tiny cavities that are filled with water. Thus, scientists have created a metamaterial - a substance with properties that are not found in nature.

The main unusual property of the new material is as follows: under the influence of gravity, the structure of the metamaterial is destroyed and it turns into a liquid. However, when placed in water, the structure regains its shape. The researchers demonstrated this unusual effect with a simple experiment: they made the letters D, N, and A out of hydrogel, and then poured them onto a hard surface. As a result, the letters became amorphous liquids. But after the hydrogel was poured into water, it regained its shape and turned into letters.

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