Histology. History of the development of histology. Development of histology in Russia

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Histology. History of the development of histology. Development of histology in Russia

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SECTION I. GENERAL HISTOLOGY

Topic 1. HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HISTOLOGY. DEVELOPMENT OF HISTOLOGY IN RUSSIA

In the history of the development of histology, three main periods can be distinguished: pre-microscopic, microscopic and modern.

The pre-microscopic period (from the beginning of the 1665th century BC to XNUMX) is associated with the names of Aristotle, Galen, Vesalius and other great scientists of that time. This period of development of histology is characterized by attempts to isolate heterogeneous tissues in animals and humans using methods of anatomical preparation.

Microscopic period - 1665 - 1950 The beginning of this period is associated with the name of the English physicist R. Hooke, who invented the microscope and used it for the systematic study of various, including biological, objects. He published the results of his research in the book "Monograph". R. Hooke first introduced the term "cell". Subsequently, there was a continuous improvement of microscopes and their ever wider use for the study of biological tissues and organs. Particular attention was paid to the structure of the cell. Among the outstanding scientists of that time, one can single out M. Malpighi, A. Leeuwenhoek, N. Gru.

J. Purkinje described the presence of the cytoplasm and nucleus in animal cells, and somewhat later R. Brown discovered the nucleus in plant cells. The botanist M. Schleiden was engaged in the study of the origin of cells - cytokinesis. As a result of his research, T. Schwann formulated the cell theory:

1) all plant and animal organisms are made up of cells;

2) all cells develop according to the general principle - from cytoblastoma;

3) each cell has an independent vital activity, and the vital activity of an organism is the sum of the activity of cells.

R. Virchow in 1858 clarified that the development of cells is carried out by dividing the original cell. The theory developed by T. Schwann is still relevant today.

Modern provisions of cell theory:

1) a cell is the smallest unit of a living thing;

2) the cells of animal organisms are similar in structure;

3) cell reproduction occurs by dividing the original cell;

4) multicellular organisms are complex associations of cells and their derivatives, combined into systems of tissues and organs and interconnected by cellular, humoral and nervous mechanisms of regulation.

Further improvement of microscopes made it possible to identify smaller structures in cells:

1) plate complex (K. Golgi - 1897);

2) mitochondria (E van Benda - 1897);

3) centrioles (T. Boveri - 1895);

4) endoplasmic reticulum (K. Porter - 1945);

5) lysosomes (K. Duve - 1949).

The mechanisms of division of plant (ID Chistyakov, 1874) and animal cells (P.I. Peremezhko, 1978) were described.

The modern stage in the development of histology began in 1950, when the electron microscope was first used to study biological objects. However, the modern stage of development of histology is characterized by the introduction of not only electron microscopy, but also other methods: cyto- and histochemistry, historadiography, etc. In this case, a complex of various methods is usually used, which make it possible not only to compile a qualitative idea of the structures under study, but also to obtain subtle quantitative characteristics. At present, various morphometric methods are especially widely used, including automated processing of the information received using a personal computer.

Histology in Russia was developed by scientists from the medical faculties of Russian universities, where strong histological schools were formed:

1) Moscow school (A. I. Babukhin, I. F. Ognev). The main area of activity is the histogenesis of muscle and nervous tissue, histophysiological approaches to the study of the sense organs, especially the organ of vision;

2) St. Petersburg Histological School at the Medical-Surgical Academy (K. E. Baer - embryologist, N. M. Yakubovich, M. D. Lavdovsky - neurohistologist and A. A. Maksimov - author of the unitary theory of hematopoiesis);

3) St. Petersburg Histological School at the University (F. V. Ovsyannikov - research of the sense organs, A. S. Dogel - neurohistologist, etc.);

4) Kyiv histological school (P. I. Peremezhko studied cell division, development of organs);

5) Kazan histological school - K. A. Arshtein, A. S. Dogel, A. E. Smirnov, T. A. Timofeev, B. I. Lavrentiev. This school developed the neurohistological direction.

The most prominent scientists in the field of histology in Russia were A. A. Zavarzin and N. G. Khlopin, who studied the patterns of tissue development in phylogenesis.

Authors: Selezneva T.D., Mishin A.S., Barsukov V.Yu.

>> Forward: Research methods in histology. Preparation of a histological specimen

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