Audit. Audit of settlements with accountable persons (lecture notes)

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Audit. Audit of settlements with accountable persons (lecture notes)

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Table of contents (expand)

Accepted abbreviations and abbreviations
Theoretical foundations of auditing. Prerequisites for the emergence of audit and its place in the control system in the Russian Federation (Control in a market economy. Prerequisites for the emergence and development of audit. Development of audit in Russia)
Regulation of auditing activities in the Russian Federation (The system of regulation of auditing activities. The concept of auditing. Legal norms of auditing. Goals, objectives and general principles of auditing. Ethics of the auditor)
Types of audit and conditions for carrying out audit activities (Types of audit. Mandatory audit. Audit-related services. Independence of auditors, audit organizations and individual auditors. Internal audit. Certification and licensing of audit activities. Quality control of audit organizations and individual auditors)
Standards in auditing activities (Basic principles of auditing standards. International auditing standards. Rules (standards) of auditing in the Russian Federation. In-house auditing standards)
Organization of audit (Stages of an audit. Audit planning. Overall audit plan. Audit program. Audit contract. Examination and evaluation of accounting and internal control systems during the audit. Applicability of the going concern assumption. Use of the work of an expert)
Audit risk and its relationship with materiality and audit sampling (Audit risk and its assessment. Assessment of materiality (materiality) in an audit. Audit sampling. The concept of affiliates in an audit)
Audit evidence: features of obtaining and reflecting in working documentation (Audit evidence. Documentation of the audit. Verification of compliance with the requirements of regulations. Actions of the auditor when errors and dishonesty are identified. Analytical procedures in auditing. Types and features of application. Features of the audit of estimated values. Audit in the conditions of computer data processing)
The final stage of the audit (Informing management about the results of the audit. Auditor's report. Date of signing of the audit report and reflection in it of events that occurred after the date of preparation and presentation of financial statements. Auditor confidentiality)
Audit methodology. Audit of accounting policies (Goals and objectives of the audit of accounting policies. Changes in accounting policies. Testing of individual provisions of accounting policies)
Audit of cash transactions (Goals and objectives of the audit of cash transactions. Program for checking cash transactions and testing the control system. Organization of the working stage of the audit. Checking the execution of primary documents. Checking registers and reporting forms. Features of computerized accounting of cash transactions. Checking the correctness, timeliness and completeness of cash receipts funds. Inventory of the cash register. Checking compliance with the cash balance limit in the cash register. Audit of collected amounts of money. Checking compliance with the procedure for using cash registers. Audit of cash documents in the cash register. Responsibility of the management of the audited entity for organizing the accounting of cash transactions)
Audit of current and other bank accounts. Audit goals and objectives (Audit of transactions on a current account. Checking the documentation of transactions on bank accounts. Checking the legality of writing off funds from a current account. Checking transactions on foreign currency accounts. Audit of transactions on other bank accounts)
Audit of fixed assets and intangible assets (Goals and objectives of the audit of fixed assets and intangible assets. Assessment of the accounting and internal control system. Plan and program for the audit of fixed assets and intangible assets. Methods for obtaining audit evidence. Acquisition of fixed assets. Leasing of fixed assets. Acquisition of equipment requiring installation. Modernization fixed assets. Reserve for repairs of fixed assets. Depreciation of fixed assets. Retirement of fixed assets. Acquisition of intangible assets. Depreciation of intangible assets. Audit procedures)
Audit of inventories (Goals and composition of an audit of inventories and accounting procedures. Criteria for obtaining audit evidence during an audit of inventories. Stages of collecting audit evidence. Methods for obtaining audit evidence. Planning an audit of inventories. Audit of the correctness of accounting for materials. Features of an audit in an organization accounting of inventories at accounting prices. Acquisition of inventories, the cost of which is expressed in foreign currency. Material costs. Transfer of raw materials for processing. Accounting for goods. Audit of production and sale of finished products. Inventory of inventories. Audit of reporting forms)
Audit of financial investments (Prerequisites for verification. Concept and classification of financial investments. Formation of initial cost. Audit of loans. Audit of bills. Audit of shares. Audit of contributions to the authorized capital of other organizations. Audit of information on financial investments in reporting)
Audit of expenses and income of an organization (Audit of expenses. Audit of work in progress accounting. Audit of settlements with customers and the procedure for determining revenue. Completed stages of work. Audit of financial results)
Audit of contractual relations (Purchase and sale agreements. Construction contracts. Donation agreements. Agency agreement. Agreements for research and development work. Loan agreements. Surety agreements)
Audit of payroll calculations (Goals and objectives of the audit of wage calculations. Preparation of working documentation for the audit. Methods for obtaining audit evidence. Planning the scope of the audit. Accrual and payment of wages. Deductions from wages. Audit of wage payments. Providing leave. Unified social tax, pension contributions fund and insurance fund. Payment of benefits for temporary disability. Dismissal of employees. Audit of other issues regarding accruals and payments to the organization’s personnel)
Audit of settlements with accountable persons (Goals and objectives of the audit of settlements with accountable persons. Audit of accounting of settlements with accountable persons. Payment for business trips)
Audit of authorized capital and settlements with founders (Goals and objectives of the audit of the authorized capital. Audit program of the authorized (share) capital. The influence of the organizational and legal form on the responsibility of the founders. Basic legislative aspects of regulating the formation of the authorized (share) capital. Issue of shares. Audit of settlements with founders. Payment of dividends)
Audit of income tax calculations (Goals and objectives of the audit. Recommendations on the organization and methodology for verifying income tax expenses and obligations to the budget at various stages of the audit. Risk assessment. Determination of permissible error (level of materiality). Analysis of accounting policies. Generalization and assessment of audit results. Classification of violations by income tax. Documentation of audit results)
Literature

Topic 18. AUDIT OF SETTLEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTS

18.1. Goals and objectives of the audit of settlements with accountable persons

The purpose of the audit of settlements by accountable persons is to establish the correctness and reliability of these transactions and determine the impact on financial (accounting) statements.

Due to the fact that the audit of settlements with accountable persons is associated with checking the procedure for conducting cash transactions, it is more convenient to carry them out in parallel.

Control of settlements with accountable persons by an accountant is carried out on the basis of orders on the accounting policy of the organization, on the appointment of persons authorized to receive cash under the report, on the direction of employees of the organization on business trips, as well as the register of advance reports.

When conducting an audit, it is necessary to compare the balance of account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons" at the end of each month with the data indicated in the General Ledger. At the same time, it is necessary to check the correspondence of the monthly turnovers on the credit of account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons" with the debit turnovers on the accounts of inventory, costs, property and profit.

After these procedures, the compliance of the amounts in the submitted supporting documents with the amounts reflected in the advance reports is checked. During the audit, all advance reports and documents confirming the expenses incurred (invoices, commodity, cash receipts, waybills, purchase certificates, travel certificates, travel tickets, hotel bills, etc.) are considered.

Then, the analytical accounting data for each reporting entity is compared with the submitted advance reports for a specific period.

Carrying out all of the above actions will help the auditor to verify the correctness of each advance report and the correct distribution of the amounts on advance reports between the relevant sources of financing (product cost or profit of the organization).

One of the directions for obtaining audit evidence is an inventory of settlements with accountable persons in order to ascertain the compliance of the issuance of cash under the report with the requirements of clause 11 of the Regulation on the procedure for conducting cash transactions, approved by the decision of the Board of Directors of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on September 22.09.1993, 40 No. XNUMX.

When inventorying accountable amounts, the reports of accountable persons on issued advances are checked, taking into account their intended use, as well as the amount of advances issued for each accountable person (date of issue, intended purpose).

An inventory of settlements with accountable persons should be conducted more frequently than an inventory of settlements with other debtors and creditors. This is explained by the fact that persons who received cash under the report are obliged, no later than three working days after the expiration of the period for which the funds were issued (or from the day they return from a business trip), to submit a report on the amounts spent to the accounting department of the organization.

Transfer of cash issued on account by one person to another is prohibited.

18.2. Accounting audit of settlements with accountable persons

Account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons" is intended to summarize information on settlements with employees in terms of amounts issued to them under the report for administrative, business and operating expenses.

According to paragraph 11 of the Procedure for conducting cash transactions in the Russian Federation, approved by the decision of the Board of Directors of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on September 22.09.1993, 40 No. XNUMX, enterprises can issue cash to their employees against a report on business and operating expenses in amounts and for periods determined by the heads of enterprises. Persons who have received cash against a report are obliged, no later than three working days after the expiration of the period for which they are issued, to submit a report on the amounts spent to the accounting department of the enterprise and make a final settlement on them.

Account 31.10.2000 "Settlements with accountable persons" ". Account 94 is debited for the amounts issued under the report in correspondence with the cash accounts. For the amounts spent by accountable persons, account 71 is credited in correspondence with accounts that take into account costs and acquired values.

To account for funds issued to accountable persons, a unified form "Advance report" (form No. AO-1) is used, approved by the Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated August 01.08.2001, 55 No. XNUMX. The verified advance report is approved by the head or an authorized person and is accepted for accounting. Overspending on the advance report is issued to the accountable person on the account cash warrant.

18.3. Payment for business trips

The procedure and amount of reimbursement of expenses associated with business trips are determined by a collective agreement or a local regulatory act of the organization. At the same time, the amount of compensation cannot be lower than the amount established by the Government of the Russian Federation for organizations financed from the federal budget. Currently, the daily allowance established for these organizations is 100 rubles. for each day of being on a business trip (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 06.07.2001, 49 No. XNUMXn).

The issuance of cash against the report on expenses associated with business trips is made within the limits of the amounts due to business travelers for these purposes. Persons who have received cash against a report are required, no later than three working days from the date of return from a business trip, to present to the accounting department of the organization a report on the amounts spent and make a final settlement on them (clause 11 of the Procedure for conducting cash transactions in the Russian Federation). In accordance with clause 11 of the Procedure for Conducting Cash Transactions, the issuance of cash against the report on expenses associated with business trips is made within the amounts due to business travelers for these purposes. Persons who received cash in rubles against a report are obliged, no later than three working days from the date of return from a business trip, to submit a report on the amounts spent to the accounting department of the organization and make a final settlement on them.

According to Art. 168 of the Labor Code, in case of sending on a business trip, the employer is obliged to reimburse the employee:

▪ travel expenses;

▪ expenses for renting residential premises;

▪ additional expenses associated with living outside the place of permanent residence (per diem);

▪ other expenses incurred by the employee with the permission or knowledge of the employer.

The procedure and amount of reimbursement of expenses associated with business trips are determined by a collective agreement or a local regulatory act of the organization.

In accordance with the Rules for the provision of hotel services in the Russian Federation, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 25.04.1997, 490 No. XNUMX, hotels provide both basic and additional services.

In accordance with paragraph 7 of Art. 171 of the Tax Code, VAT amounts paid on business trip expenses (expenses for travel to the place of a business trip and back, including expenses for the use of bedding on trains, as well as expenses for renting housing) are subject to deductions, which are deductible when calculating corporate income tax .

When determining the list of services that can be included in travel expenses when calculating deductible VAT, organizations should be guided by the Tax Code. In doing so, it must be taken into account that in 12 p. 1 art. 264 of the Tax Code lists expenses related to travel expenses for the purpose of calculating corporate income tax.

For accounting purposes, the expenses of the organization for the payment of daily allowances to the employee are expenses for ordinary activities and are included in commercial expenses (clauses 5, 7 of PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization", approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06.05.1999 No. 33n).

Based on clause 18 of PBU 10/99, expenses for ordinary activities are recognized in the reporting period in which they occurred, regardless of the time of actual payment of funds and other form of implementation (assuming the temporary certainty of the facts of economic activity), provided that the conditions listed in clause 16 PBU 10/99. Travel expenses are recognized in accounting after the approval of the employee's advance report (in this case in February) and are reflected as expenses.

For the purpose of calculating income tax, travel expenses, in particular daily expenses within the limits approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, are included in other expenses related to production and sales (subclause 12, clause 1, article 264 of the Tax Code), and are considered indirect expenses that form tax base for income tax of the current month (Article 318 of the Tax Code).

Daily allowances paid within the limits established in accordance with the current legislation are not subject to personal income tax on the basis of clause 3 of Art. 217 NK. Consequently, daily allowances paid to an employee in excess of the established norm are included in the personal income tax base. Taxation is carried out at a tax rate of 13% (Article 224 of the Tax Code). According to paragraph 4 of Art. 226 of the Tax Code, the organization is obliged to withhold the calculated amount of personal income tax directly from the employee's income when they are actually paid.

In accordance with sub. 2 p. 1 art. 238 of the Tax Code, daily allowances within the limits established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation are not subject to UST. Daily allowances in excess of the norms, which, as mentioned above, do not reduce taxable income, are also not subject to UST on the basis of paragraph 3 of Art. 236 NK.

The amount of daily allowance paid to the employee is also not subject to insurance premiums for mandatory pension insurance due to the fact that, in accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 10 of the Federal Law "On Compulsory Pension Insurance in the Russian Federation", the object of taxation of insurance premiums is the object of taxation for the UST, established by Ch. 24 "Unified social tax" of the Tax Code.

The audit of this direction of spending the organization's funds is related to the issues of the legality of issuing funds to account in foreign currency and the validity of these costs.

An employee’s trip abroad by order of the head to establish business cooperation, resolve current issues and tasks with business partners is a business trip (Article 166 of the Labor Code), the procedure and amount of reimbursement of these expenses are determined by agreement of the parties to the employment contract, and can also be established in collective agreement or other local act of the organization. Travel and accommodation expenses incurred are reimbursed to the employee in the amount of actual expenses based on supporting documents. In the absence of such documents, the costs of renting premises are reimbursed according to the norms established by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. 64n.

Per diems for an employee sent on a business trip abroad are paid in accordance with the standards approved by the organization, while the organization has the right to establish any amount of their compensation (unless the organization is a budgetary one).

Since 2006, if intergovernmental agreements have been concluded with the CIS member states, according to which border checkpoints do not mark border crossings in entry and exit documents, the crossing dates are determined by the marks in the travel certificate.

An accountant, when calculating daily allowances, should not forget about the current letter of the Ministry of Labor of Russia and the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 17.05.1996, 1037 No. 26.12.2005-IH "On the procedure for paying daily allowances to employees sent on short-term business trips abroad", all the norms of which are reflected in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 812, XNUMX. XNUMX No. XNUMX "On the amount and procedure for the payment of daily allowances in foreign currency and allowances for daily allowances in foreign currency during business trips in the territory of foreign states of employees of organizations financed from the federal budget." In particular, when traveling from the territory of the Russian Federation, the day of crossing the border is included in the days that are paid in foreign currency. When traveling back, the day of crossing the state border is paid according to the rate established for paying for business trips in the Russian Federation.

Until August 2005, banks refused to issue foreign currency for travel expenses, referring to the requirements of the Federal Law of December 10.12.2003, 173 No. XNUMX-FZ "On Foreign Exchange Regulation and Foreign Exchange Control", which prohibited foreign exchange transactions between residents, with the exception of a closed list of transactions, in which the purchase of currency for travel expenses was not included. Therefore, organizations either issued rubles to their employees to buy currency in "exchangers", or used corporate bank cards.

Since August 2005, the number of permitted foreign exchange transactions includes payment and reimbursement of expenses of an employee when he is sent on a business trip abroad. If the advance paid to the employee was not enough and his own funds were spent, then the organization can also apply for the purchase of foreign currency to compensate for the overspending of the accountable person.

When sending an employee abroad, the accountant is not in all cases obliged to issue a travel certificate, so, since 2006, the order of the head, which indicates the destination and purpose of the trip, and travel documents are sufficient documents confirming the travel expenses of the accountable person for taxation.

Having issued an advance payment in foreign currency to an employee, the organization must reassess monetary obligations denominated in foreign currency. In this case, the expenses of the accountable person, made in foreign currency, are recalculated into rubles at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, established on the date of approval of the advance report (PBU 3/2000).

Exchange differences arising in accounting as a result of conversion into rubles are credited in accordance with paragraph 13 of PBU 3/2000 to the financial results of the organization as non-operating income or non-operating expenses.

All audit evidence obtained should be documented. Identified errors affect the auditor's opinion expressed in the conclusion. At the same time, errors in this section of accounting can be difficult to recommend for correction, especially in terms of primary documentation; it seems more realistic to make corrections to the content and form of business transactions.

Authors: Erofeeva V.A., Piskunov V.A., Bityukova T.A.

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