Audit. Audit of expenses and income of an organization (lecture notes)

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Audit. Audit of expenses and income of an organization (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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Table of contents (expand)

Accepted abbreviations and abbreviations
Theoretical foundations of auditing. Prerequisites for the emergence of audit and its place in the control system in the Russian Federation (Control in a market economy. Prerequisites for the emergence and development of audit. Development of audit in Russia)
Regulation of auditing activities in the Russian Federation (The system of regulation of auditing activities. The concept of auditing. Legal norms of auditing. Goals, objectives and general principles of auditing. Ethics of the auditor)
Types of audit and conditions for carrying out audit activities (Types of audit. Mandatory audit. Audit-related services. Independence of auditors, audit organizations and individual auditors. Internal audit. Certification and licensing of audit activities. Quality control of audit organizations and individual auditors)
Standards in auditing activities (Basic principles of auditing standards. International auditing standards. Rules (standards) of auditing in the Russian Federation. In-house auditing standards)
Organization of audit (Stages of an audit. Audit planning. Overall audit plan. Audit program. Audit contract. Examination and evaluation of accounting and internal control systems during the audit. Applicability of the going concern assumption. Use of the work of an expert)
Audit risk and its relationship with materiality and audit sampling (Audit risk and its assessment. Assessment of materiality (materiality) in an audit. Audit sampling. The concept of affiliates in an audit)
Audit evidence: features of obtaining and reflecting in working documentation (Audit evidence. Documentation of the audit. Verification of compliance with the requirements of regulations. Actions of the auditor when errors and dishonesty are identified. Analytical procedures in auditing. Types and features of application. Features of the audit of estimated values. Audit in the conditions of computer data processing)
The final stage of the audit (Informing management about the results of the audit. Auditor's report. Date of signing of the audit report and reflection in it of events that occurred after the date of preparation and presentation of financial statements. Auditor confidentiality)
Audit methodology. Audit of accounting policies (Goals and objectives of the audit of accounting policies. Changes in accounting policies. Testing of individual provisions of accounting policies)
Audit of cash transactions (Goals and objectives of the audit of cash transactions. Program for checking cash transactions and testing the control system. Organization of the working stage of the audit. Checking the execution of primary documents. Checking registers and reporting forms. Features of computerized accounting of cash transactions. Checking the correctness, timeliness and completeness of cash receipts funds. Inventory of the cash register. Checking compliance with the cash balance limit in the cash register. Audit of collected amounts of money. Checking compliance with the procedure for using cash registers. Audit of cash documents in the cash register. Responsibility of the management of the audited entity for organizing the accounting of cash transactions)
Audit of current and other bank accounts. Audit goals and objectives (Audit of transactions on a current account. Checking the documentation of transactions on bank accounts. Checking the legality of writing off funds from a current account. Checking transactions on foreign currency accounts. Audit of transactions on other bank accounts)
Audit of fixed assets and intangible assets (Goals and objectives of the audit of fixed assets and intangible assets. Assessment of the accounting and internal control system. Plan and program for the audit of fixed assets and intangible assets. Methods for obtaining audit evidence. Acquisition of fixed assets. Leasing of fixed assets. Acquisition of equipment requiring installation. Modernization fixed assets. Reserve for repairs of fixed assets. Depreciation of fixed assets. Retirement of fixed assets. Acquisition of intangible assets. Depreciation of intangible assets. Audit procedures)
Audit of inventories (Goals and composition of an audit of inventories and accounting procedures. Criteria for obtaining audit evidence during an audit of inventories. Stages of collecting audit evidence. Methods for obtaining audit evidence. Planning an audit of inventories. Audit of the correctness of accounting for materials. Features of an audit in an organization accounting of inventories at accounting prices. Acquisition of inventories, the cost of which is expressed in foreign currency. Material costs. Transfer of raw materials for processing. Accounting for goods. Audit of production and sale of finished products. Inventory of inventories. Audit of reporting forms)
Audit of financial investments (Prerequisites for verification. Concept and classification of financial investments. Formation of initial cost. Audit of loans. Audit of bills. Audit of shares. Audit of contributions to the authorized capital of other organizations. Audit of information on financial investments in reporting)
Audit of expenses and income of an organization (Audit of expenses. Audit of work in progress accounting. Audit of settlements with customers and the procedure for determining revenue. Completed stages of work. Audit of financial results)
Audit of contractual relations (Purchase and sale agreements. Construction contracts. Donation agreements. Agency agreement. Agreements for research and development work. Loan agreements. Surety agreements)
Audit of payroll calculations (Goals and objectives of the audit of wage calculations. Preparation of working documentation for the audit. Methods for obtaining audit evidence. Planning the scope of the audit. Accrual and payment of wages. Deductions from wages. Audit of wage payments. Providing leave. Unified social tax, pension contributions fund and insurance fund. Payment of benefits for temporary disability. Dismissal of employees. Audit of other issues regarding accruals and payments to the organization’s personnel)
Audit of settlements with accountable persons (Goals and objectives of the audit of settlements with accountable persons. Audit of accounting of settlements with accountable persons. Payment for business trips)
Audit of authorized capital and settlements with founders (Goals and objectives of the audit of the authorized capital. Audit program of the authorized (share) capital. The influence of the organizational and legal form on the responsibility of the founders. Basic legislative aspects of regulating the formation of the authorized (share) capital. Issue of shares. Audit of settlements with founders. Payment of dividends)
Audit of income tax calculations (Goals and objectives of the audit. Recommendations on the organization and methodology for verifying income tax expenses and obligations to the budget at various stages of the audit. Risk assessment. Determination of permissible error (level of materiality). Analysis of accounting policies. Generalization and assessment of audit results. Classification of violations by income tax. Documentation of audit results)
Literature

TOPIC 15. AUDIT OF EXPENSES AND INCOME OF THE ORGANIZATION

15.1. Cost audit

In accordance with paragraph 17 of PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization", approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06.05.1999 No. 33n, expenses are subject to recognition in accounting, regardless of the intention to receive revenue, operating or other income and on the form of expenditure (monetary , natural and other). The conditions for the recognition of expenses in accounting are established by paragraph 16 of PBU 10/99, according to which the expense must be made in accordance with a specific contract, the requirement of legislative and regulatory acts, business customs; there should be no uncertainty in the amount of expenditure; there must be confidence that as a result of a particular transaction there will be a decrease in the economic benefits of the organization.

The expenses of the organization associated with the performance of work on the main type of activity are expenses for the organization on ordinary activities. Expenses for ordinary activities reflected on account 20 "Main production" are included by the organization in the formation of the financial result in the cost of work performed (clauses 5, 9 PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization", approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06.05.1999 No. 33n, Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts).

At the same time, the expenses associated with the purchase and sale of goods are considered expenses for ordinary activities on the basis of clause 5 of PBU 10/99 "Income of the organization".

For the purposes of calculating income tax, the costs associated with the delivery of goods to the buyer, in accordance with Art. 320 Tax Codes are recognized as indirect expenses and fully reduce the income from the sale of the current month.

In accordance with the Instructions for the Application of the Chart of Accounts for Accounting for the Financial and Economic Activities of Organizations, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 31.10.2000n dated October 94, 23, information on the costs of production that are auxiliary (auxiliary) for the main production of the organization is reflected on account 25 "Auxiliary production". The debit of this account is debited with direct costs directly related to the release of products (from the credit of accounts for accounting for inventories, settlements with personnel for wages, etc.), as well as indirect costs associated with the management and maintenance of auxiliary industries (from the credit of accounts 26 " General production expenses" and XNUMX "General expenses").

The credit of account 23 reflects the amount of the actual cost of finished products.

In accordance with the accounting policy, management expenses reflected on account 26 "General expenses" are considered as semi-fixed expenses in the cost of sales, which is reflected in accounting by correspondence on the debit of account 90 "Sales", subaccount 90-2 "Cost of sales" , and account credit 26.

In accounting, to summarize information on losses from defects in production, according to the Chart of Accounts, account 28 "Marriages in production" is intended. The costs associated with the correction of marriage are accounted for in the debit of account 28 in correspondence with the corresponding accounts, in this case with the credit of accounts: 23 "Auxiliary production", 70 "Settlements with personnel for wages", 69 "Calculations for social insurance and security" . The credit of account 28 reflects the amounts attributable to the reduction of losses from the marriage, in this case, the amounts to be withheld from the culprit of the marriage. Calculations for compensation for material damage caused by an employee of the organization as a result of marriage are recorded on account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations", sub-account 73-2 "Calculations for compensation for material damage".

For the purposes of taxation of profits, in the absence of guilty persons and documentary evidence of expenses compensated to the buyer, losses from marriage are taken into account as part of other expenses related to production and sale, on the basis of subpara. 47 paragraph 1 of Art. 264 NK. For a manufacturing organization, these costs are considered indirect and are taken into account as part of the expenses of the reporting period in full (clause 2, article 318 of the Tax Code).

In accounting, the recognition of expenses associated with the sale of goods, including advertising expenses, in accordance with the Chart of Accounts for accounting for the financial and economic activities of organizations and the Instructions for its application, is reflected in the debit of account 44 "Sales expenses" in correspondence with the credit of account 41 "Products".

In the accounting of a manufacturing organization, hospitality expenses can be recorded on account 44 "Sales expenses".

According to paragraph 7 of Art. 171 of the Tax Code if, in accordance with Ch. 25 of the Tax Code, expenses are accepted for taxation purposes according to the standards, the amounts of VAT on such expenses are deductible in the amount corresponding to the specified standards.

15.2. Audit of accounting for work in progress

The procedure for evaluating the balances of work in progress (hereinafter referred to as WIP) is determined by Art. 319 NK. In accordance with this article of the Tax Code, organizations whose production is related to the performance of work allocate the amount of direct costs to WIP balances in proportion to the share of incomplete (or completed, but not accepted at the end of the current month) work orders in the total volume of orders completed during the month. Therefore, when determining the amount of direct costs related to work in progress, according to the methodology set out in Art. 319 of the Tax Code, the cost of orders not accepted by the customer, including orders in terms of completed but not accepted stages, is taken into account.

The amount of WIP balances at the end of the current month is included in the material costs of the next month (clause 1, article 319 of the Tax Code).

In particular, when determining the volume of executed orders, the taxpayer can choose one of the following indicators: the cost of orders (in this case, the indicated cost can be determined as the price of these orders at the contractual cost, the estimated cost without taking into account the rate of return, or as their cost formed on the basis of direct costs, related directly to each order) or in-kind indicators, if works, services can be measured in similar indicators and these indicators are comparable for different orders. This choice must be fixed in the accounting policy for tax purposes for each category of orders. When applying the mechanism for distributing direct costs to the balances of WIP, provided for in Art. 319 of the Tax Code, it should be borne in mind that the amounts of balances of work in progress determined at the end of the month are taken into account when distributing direct costs in the next month.

15.3. Audit of settlements with customers and the procedure for determining revenue

The accounting area under consideration is characterized by certain risk factors due to the following reasons:

▪ lack of repeated control over primary documents at the stage of their creation and verification (as happens with documentation created at the enterprise);

▪ the difficulty of restoring missing documents and correcting incorrectly executed documents;

▪ high probability of untimely receipt of supporting documents;

▪ lack of unification of a significant part of the primary documents confirming the completion of these transactions (especially transactions related to payments for services rendered). Hence the risk that the primary documentation may not be recognized as supporting evidence if there are any doubts about the correctness of the documents and their completeness.

Account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" is intended for accounting of settlements with buyers and customers.

The amount of the received advance is taken into account on account 62 separately. The organization is obliged to calculate and pay VAT to the budget on the amount of the prepayment received on the basis of subpara. 1 p. 1 art. 162 NK. The tax in this case is calculated at the rate of 18/118 (clause 4 of article 164 of the Tax Code). The amount of calculated VAT is reflected in the credit of account 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees" and the debit of account 62.

In accordance with the Chart of Accounts for the financial and economic activities of organizations and the Instructions for its use, account 90 "Sales" is intended to summarize information on income and expenses associated with the organization's ordinary activities, as well as to determine the financial result for them. The loss from the sale of goods is reflected in the closing entries of the month on the credit of account 90, subaccount 90-9 "Profit / loss on sales", and the debit of account 99 "Profit and loss", subaccount, for example, 99-1 "Accounting profit (loss) before tax ".

According to paragraph 1 of Art. 475 of the Civil Code, the buyer, to whom the goods of inadequate quality are transferred, has the right to demand from the seller the free elimination of defects in the goods within a reasonable time. Moreover, if the product does not have a warranty period or expiration date, a claim may be made to the seller within the period established by Art. 477 of the Civil Code, i.e. within two years from the date of transfer of the goods to the buyer or within a longer period when such a period is established by law or by the contract of sale.

Receipts (revenues) associated with the sale of goods, the performance of work (services) are considered income from ordinary activities (clause 5 of PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization", approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06.05.1999 No. 32n).

Revenue is recognized in accounting in the presence of the conditions listed in clause 12 of PBU 9/99, and is accepted for accounting in an amount equal to the amount of receipt of cash and other property and (or) the amount of receivables, determined based on the price established by the agreement between organization and customer (clause 6 PBU 9/99).

For the purposes of taxation of profits, sales income is recognized as proceeds from the sale of work, which is determined on the basis of all receipts related to settlements for work performed, less taxes charged to the buyer (clause 1 of article 248, clause 1, 2 of article 249 of the Tax Code ). In accordance with paragraph 3 of Art. 271 of the Tax Code for income from sales, the date of receipt of income is the date of transfer of work (the date of signing by the parties of the act of acceptance and delivery of work performed), determined in accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 39 of the Tax Code, regardless of the actual receipt of funds in their payment.

For the purpose of profit taxation, when income is recognized on an accrual basis, the date of receipt of income from the sale of goods is the date of sale of these goods, determined in accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 39 of the Tax Code, regardless of the actual receipt of funds (other property (works, services) and (or) property rights) in their payment (clause 3 of article 271 of the Tax Code).

According to paragraph 2 of Art. 318 of the Tax Code, the amount of indirect expenses for production and sale, carried out in the reporting (tax) period, is fully related to the expenses of the current reporting (tax) period, taking into account the requirements established by the Tax Code. The amount of direct expenses incurred in the reporting (tax) period also refers to the expenses of the current reporting (tax) period, with the exception of the amounts of direct expenses allocated to the balance of work in progress, finished products in stock and shipped, but not sold in the reporting (tax) period production period.

When recognized in accounting, the amount of proceeds from the performance of work in accordance with the Chart of Accounts for accounting of the financial and economic activities of organizations and the Instructions for its application is reflected in the credit of account 90 "Sales", subaccount 90-1 "Revenue", in correspondence with the debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers.

At the same time, the costs associated with the performance of work, accounted for on account 20 "Main production" and which, in accordance with paragraph 5 of PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization", approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 06.05.1999 No. 33n, expenses for ordinary activities , are debited to the debit of account 90, subaccount 90-2 "Cost of sales".

According to sub. 1 p. 1 art. 146 of the Tax Code, operations for the implementation of work on the territory of the Russian Federation are recognized as an object of VAT taxation. The tax base for VAT is determined in the manner prescribed by paragraph 1 of Art. 154 NK. Taxation is carried out at a tax rate of 20% (clause 3, article 164 of the Tax Code).

The amount of VAT payable to the budget is reflected in the debit of account 90, subaccount 90-3 "Value added tax", in correspondence with the credit of account 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees".

A positive amount difference arising upon receipt of payment from the buyer is recognized in tax accounting as non-operating income (clause 11.1 of article 250, subclause 1 of clause 7 of article 271 of the Tax Code), indicated on line 010 (and also on line 130) of Appendix No. 6 "Extra-operating income" to sheet 02 and participates in the formation of the indicator of line 030 "Extra-operating income" sheet 02.

Despite the fact that the positive sum difference in accounting is reflected in the composition of income from ordinary activities, and in tax accounting - in the composition of non-operating income, this difference does not lead to permanent and / or temporary differences that are accounted for in the manner established by RAS 18/ 02 "Accounting for income tax settlements", approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 19.11.2002, 114 No. XNUMXn.

15.4. Completed stages of work

According to the Instructions for the application of the Chart of Accounts, to summarize information on the stages of work completed in accordance with the concluded contracts that have independent significance, account 46 "Completed stages of work in progress" is intended (the account is used, if necessary, by organizations performing long-term work, initial and final deadlines which usually refer to different reporting periods). The main correspondence is given in the section "Construction Contracts".

15.5. Audit of financial results

According to the Chart of Accounts, account 99 is intended to summarize information on the formation of the final financial result of the organization's activities in the reporting year. The debit of account 99 "Profits and losses" reflects losses (losses, expenses), and the credit - profits (income) of the organization. Comparison of debit and credit turnover for the reporting period shows the final financial result of the reporting period.

Paragraph 1 of Art. 252 of the Tax Code establishes that for the purpose of taxing profits, the taxpayer reduces the income received by the amount of expenses incurred, with the exception of the expenses specified in Art. 270 NK.

Starting with the financial statements for 2003, RAS 18/02 "Accounting for income tax settlements" is applied, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 19.11.2002, 114 No. 18n. Expenses excluded from the calculation of the tax base for income tax for both the reporting period and subsequent reporting periods are recognized as a constant difference for the purposes of PBU 02/4 (clause 18 PBU 02/XNUMX).

According to paragraph 6 of PBU 18/02, permanent differences of the reporting period are reflected in accounting separately (in the analytical accounting of the corresponding asset and liability account, in the assessment of which there was a permanent difference), in this case, in analytical accounting to account 91, subaccount 91-2 .

The occurrence of a permanent difference leads to the formation of a permanent tax liability, which is the amount of tax that increases tax payments on income tax in the reporting period.

A permanent tax liability is defined as the product of a permanent difference that arose in the reporting period by the income tax rate established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees and effective on the reporting date, and is recognized by the organization in the reporting period in which the permanent difference arises (clause 7 PBU 18/02).

According to paragraph 7 of PBU 18/02 and the Instructions for the Application of the Chart of Accounts, permanent tax liabilities are reflected in accounting in the debit of account 99 "Profit and Loss" (for example, subaccount 99-2 "Permanent tax liability") in correspondence with the credit of account 68 " Calculations on taxes and fees.

When compiling the annual financial statements, account 99 "Profit and Loss" is closed: with the final entries in December, the amount of accrued conditional income for income tax is debited from the debit of subaccount 99-1 to the credit of subaccount 99-3, to the debit of subaccount 99-1 from the credit of subaccount 99- 2, the amount of the permanent tax liability is written off. The final result of the organization's activities (in this case, loss) revealed at the end of the year on subaccount 99-1 is subject to crediting to account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)": debit of account 84 credit of subaccount 99-1. Analytics opened for account 91, sub-account 91-2, and for account 99, sub-account 99-1, can also be transferred to account 84 and accounted for in the same manner.

Identified violations are recorded in the working documentation and taken into account when the auditor expresses an opinion on the reliability of the financial (accounting) statements.

Authors: Erofeeva V.A., Piskunov V.A., Bityukova T.A.

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